tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-36204867890522276672024-03-13T10:00:57.800-07:00Untold melodies & a lost soulDROUSHKAhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07119855520563971451noreply@blogger.comBlogger188125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3620486789052227667.post-39153337848413746862019-06-23T11:08:00.000-07:002019-06-23T11:08:03.892-07:00Mary Magdalene<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<img src="https://www.crystalinks.com/marymag.jpg" /><br />
In our current timeline - one wonders if Mary Magdalene was the wife of Jesus - and had a daughter with him named, Sarah - thus perpetuating the bloodline. <br />
Mary Magdalene was the most important woman disciple in the movement of Jesus. Tradition has labeled her a prostitute, but there is nothing in the Bible to support this view and much to dispute it. <br />
Mary Magdalene, which probably means "Mary of Magdala", a town on the western shore of the Lake of Tiberias, is described in the New Testament as a follower of Jesus both in the canon and in the apocrypha. Nothing is known about her outside of Scripture. Her feast day is July 22. <br />
Mary Magdalene in the canon <br />
For part of her story, Catholics and Protestants agree: She is mentioned in Luke 8:3 as one of the women who "ministered to Christ of their substance". Their motive, according to the author of Luke was that of gratitude for deliverances he had wrought for them: Luke tells that out of Mary were cast seven demons, in an exorcism. These women accompanied him also on his last journey to Jerusalem (Matt. 27:55; Mark 15:41; Luke 23:55). They were witnesses to the Crucifixion. <br />
There Mary remained until all was over, and the body was taken down and laid in a tomb prepared for Joseph of Arimathea. Again, in the earliest dawn of the first day of the week she, with Salome and Mary the mother of James, (Matt. 28:1; Mark 16:2); Peter 12), came to the sepulchre, bringing with them sweet spices, that they might anoint the body of Jesus. They found the sepulchre empty but saw the "vision of angels" (Matt 28:5). As the first witness to the Resurrection, Mary Magdalene hastened to tell Peter and another - unknown - apostle, (John 20:1, 2), (gaining her the epithet "apostle to the apostles") and again immediately returned to the sepulchre. <br />
There she lingered thoughtfully, weeping at the door of the tomb. The risen Lord appeared to her, but at first she knew him not. His utterance of her name "Mary" recalled her to consciousness, and she uttered the joyful, reverent cry, "Rabboni". She would fain have clung to him, but he forbade her: "17 Jesus said to her, 'Do not cling to Me, for I have not yet ascended to My Father; but go to My brethren and say to them, "I am ascending to My Father and your Father, and to My God and your God."'" <br />
This is the last entry in the canonic New Testament regarding Mary of Magdala, who now returned to Jerusalem. <br />
The Gospel of Mary <br />
Further attestation of Mary of Magdala and her role among some early Christians is provided by the apocryphal Gospel of Mary Magdalene. which survives in two 3rd century Greek fragments and a longer 5th century translation into Coptic. Tellingly, in the Gospel the testimony of a woman first needed to be defended. All of these manuscripts were first discovered and published between 1938 and 1983, but as early as the 3rd century there are Patristic references to the Gospel of Mary. These writings reveal the degree to which the gospel was despised and dismissed by the early church fathers. In the fragmentary text, the disciples ask questions of the risen Savior (a designation that dates the original no earlier than the 2nd century) and are answered. <br />
Then they grieve, saying, "How shall we go to the Gentiles and preach the Gospel of the Kingdom of the Son of Man? If even he was not spared, how shall we be spared?" And Mary Magdalene bids them take heart: "Let us rather praise his greatness, for he prepared us and made us into men." She then delivers - at Peter's request - a vision of the Savior she has had, and reports her discourse with him, which shows Gnostic influences.<br />
Her vision does not meet with universal approval: <br />
<ul>"But Andrew answered and said to the brethren, 'Say what you think concerning what she said. For I do not believe that the Savior said this. For certainly these teachings are of other ideas." "Peter also opposed her in regard to these matters and asked them about the Savior. "Did he then speak secretly with a woman, in preference to us, and not openly? Are we to turn back and all listen to her? Did he prefer her to us?"</ul>
Karen King has observed, "The confrontation of Mary with Peter, a scenario also found in The Gospel of Thomas, Pistis Sophia, and The Gospel of the Egyptians, reflects some of the tensions in second-century Christianity. Peter and Andrew represent orthodox positions that deny the validity of esoteric revelation and reject the authority of women to teach." <br />
Expansion of the Mary Magdalene tradition <br />
Tradition as early as the 3rd century identified as Mary Magdalene the woman who was a sinner in Luke 7:36-50:" <br />
<ul>37 And, behold, a woman in the city, which was a sinner, when she knew that Jesus sat at meat in the Pharisee's house, brought an alabaster box of ointment, 38 And stood at his feet behind him weeping, and began to wash his feet with tears, and did wipe them with the hairs of her head, and kissed his feet, and anointed them with the ointment."</ul>
Though there is no connection made in the New Testament, nor is the woman in the house of the Pharisee given a name, the idea that Mary was "the woman who was a sinner", or that she was unchaste, was developed by the Patristic writers of the 3rd and 4th centuries. This idea is rejected by most Protestants. Catholics, on the other hand, consider this one person to be, not only the sinner of Luke 7:36-50 but also Mary of Bethany, the sister of Martha and the resurrected Lazarus (Luke 10:38-42 and John 1:10); although the Roman Catholic Church withdrew from this linkage at the Second Vatican Council (1969) it survives strongly in folk Catholicism. <br />
For some Christians, the idea developed by Church fathers, that Mary is also the woman that Jesus had rescued from being stoned to death (as recounted in the Pericope Adulterae) still holds true. However those critical scholars who are drawing conclusions from the canonic texts alone believe that the woman Jesus rescued and Mary were two separate persons. Conservative early-19th century theological traditions, vividly realized in the Mel Gibson movie The Passion of the Christ, portray the prostitute and Mary as the same person, and Martin Scorsese's earlier film adaptation of Nikos Kazantzakis's novel The Last Temptation of Christ followed a similar tradition. <br />
Veneration of Mary Magdalene <br />
As a Roman Catholic saint, Mary Magdalene's relics were venerated at Saint Maximin la Sainte Baume, Provence, and attracted such throngs of pilgrims that the great Basilica was erected there from the mid thirteenth century, one of the finest Gothic churches in the south of France. Though her bones were scattered at the French Revolution, her head is said to remain in her shrine in a cave at La Sainte-Baume near Marseille, although another medieval tradition holds that she died in Ephesus and was buried in Constantinople. <br />
The Magdalene became a symbol of repentance for the vanities of the world, and Mary Magdalene was the patron of Magdalene College, Cambridge (pronounced "maudlin", as in weepy penitents). Unfortunately her name was also used for the infamous Magdalen Asylums in Ireland where supposedly fallen women were treated as slaves. <br />
Wife of Jesus? <br />
Some modern writers, notably the authors of the 1982 <i>Holy Blood, Holy Grail</i> (2003) and Dan Brown in the novel <ii>The Da Vinci Code (2003), hold that: </ii><br />
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<li>Mary Magdalene was in fact the wife of Jesus, and </li>
<li>that fact was omitted by Pauline Christian revisionists and editors of the Gospels. These writers cite non-canonical and Gnostic writings in selective portions to support their argument. While sources like the Gospel of Philip depict Mary Magdalene as being closer to Jesus than any other disciple, there is no ancient document which claims she was his wife. It is thought the meaning here is Mary Magdalene knew what Jesus was talking about. She understood him, while the disciples did not. <br />
An argument for support of this speculation is that bachelorhood was very rare for Jewish males of Jesus' time, being generally regarded as a transgression of the first mitzvah (divine commandment) - "Be fruitful and multiply". It would have been unthinkable for an adult, unmarried Jew to travel about teaching as a rabbi, as Jesus certainly did. <br />
A counter-argument to this is that the Judaism of Jesus' time was very diverse and the role of the rabbi was not yet well defined. Celibate teachers like John the Baptist were known in the communities of the Essenes, and Paul of Tarsus was an example of an unmarried itinerant teacher among the Christians, at a time when most Christians were still practicing Jews. It was really not until after the Roman destruction of the Second Temple in A.D. 70 that Rabbinic Judaism became dominant and the role of the rabbi made uniform in Jewish communities. <br />
Mary Magdalene appears with more frequency than other women in the canonical Gospels and is shown as being a close follower of Jesus. Mary's presence at the Crucifixion and Jesus's tomb, while hardly conclusive, is at least consonant with the role of grieving wife and widow, although if that were the case Jesus might have been expected to make provision for her care as well as for his mother Mary. Given the lack of contemporary documentation, this scenario cannot be proven, and although some consider the idea desirable to believe, most scholars do not take it seriously. <br />
Metaphysical marriage <br />
Other reasoning would say that Christ was already married‹ to the Church‹ an image that was developed first by Paul in what became the New Testament and then later expanded on by the Church fathers. Some writers, following an early tradition that Jesus is in a mystical sense the second Adam (again beginning with Paul and continuing with Irenaeus and others), embody this sense with literal parallels: like the first Adam, his bride was taken from his side when he had fallen asleep (died on the cross). In medieval Christian anagogic exegesis, the blood and water which came from his side when he was pierced, was held to represent the bringing forth of the Church with its analogy in the water of baptism and the wine of the new covenant. Thus Christ can be said to already have a wife in the Church; and so it would not be considered possible or tolerable to believe that he was otherwise married. <br />
The Urantia Book (1955) maintains that Jesus was not married to Mary or any other woman. According to its account, he refused an offer of marriage at age eighteen because he was dedicated to his "Father's business" ("If I am a son of destiny, I must not assume obligations of lifelong duration until such a time as my destiny shall be made manifest"), but gained parental experience by becoming the sole supporter and father-figure to his siblings after Joseph died. </li>
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Some people link Mary to the Holy Grail and the <a href="http://www.crystalinks.com/templars.html">Knights Templar.</a> Secular books with names such as <i>Holy Blood, Holy Grail <i>and </i>The Woman With the Alabaster Jar</i> expand on traditions that she committed sexual sins. They claim that Jesus married her and fathered one or more children. These books are based on fiction, not fact. below is quoted information from that text. <br />
<blockquote>
In popular Christian tradition Mary Magdalene is a prostitute who finds redemption by apprenticing herself to Jesus. And she figures most noticeably in the Fourth Gospel, where she is the first person to behold Jesus after the Resurrection. In consequence she is extolled as a saint, especially in France - where, according to medieval legends, she is said to have brought the <a href="http://www.crystalinks.com/holygrail.html">Holy Grail.</a> <br />
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The Magdalene is not, at any point in any of the Gospels, said to be a prostitute. When she is first mentioned in the Gospel of Luke, she is described as a woman 'out of whom went seven devils'. It is generally assumed that this phrase refers to a species of exorcism on Jesus' part, implying the Magdalene was possessed. But the phrase may equally refer to some sort of conversion and/or ritual initiation. <br />
The cult of Ishtar or Astarte - the Mother Goddess and 'Queen of Heaven' - involved, or example, a seven-stage initiation [the seven veils]. Prior to her affiliation with Jesus, the Magdalene may well have been associated with such a cult. Migdal, or Magdala, was the 'Village of Doves', and there is some evidence that sacrificial doves were in fact bred there. And the dove was the sacred symbol of Astarte.</blockquote>
- Baigent, Leigh & Lincoln, <i>The Holy Blood and the Holy Grail </i> <br />
<blockquote>
In some versions of history, Magdalene is viewed as the mother of the Merovingian Dynasty. Mary Magdalene was the redeemed sinner who was the first to see Christ after his Resurrection. Through her redemption from sin and her unique knowledge of the Risen Christ, she was regarded by the occult initiates of the Middle Ages as a medium of secret revelation. Those initiates had chosen the planet Venus as her symbol in the cosmos. </blockquote>
- Henry Lincoln, <i>The Holy Place </i> <br />
<blockquote>
Long ago her name was Isis, Queen of the benevolent springs, Come to me all you who labour and are heavy laden, and I will give your the rest.. Others knew her as Magdalene with the celebrated vase full of healing balm. The initiated know her to be Notre Dame Des Cross. </blockquote>
- <i>Le Serpent Rouge </i> <br />
<blockquote>
Mary Magdalene had her surname of Magdala, a castle, and was born of right noble lineage and parents, which were descended of the lineage of kings. And her father was named Cyrus, and her mother Eucharis. She with her brother Lazarus, and her sister Martha, possessed the castle of Magdalo, which is two miles from Nazareth, and Bethany, the castle which is nigh to Jerusalem, and also a great part of Jerusalem, which, all these things they departed among them.</blockquote>
- <i>Legenda Aurea (published in Genoa in 1275)</i> <br />
<blockquote>
She was also high priestess of the Temple of Ishtar at Magdala, and as such she would have been the keeper of the doves. She is linked with Benjamite, the tribe which was ostracized because they were of the line of Cain. So too was Hiram Abiff, architect of the Temple of Solomon.</blockquote>
- David Wood, <i>Genesis </i> <br />
<blockquote>
The idea that Mary [Jesus' mother] had been an adultress never completely disappeared in Christian mythology. Instead, the character of Mary was split into two: Mary the mother of Jesus, believed to be a virgin, and Mary Magdalene, believed to be a woman of ill repute. <br />
The idea that the character of Mary Magdalene is also derived from Miriam the mythical mother of Yeishu, is corroborated by the fact that the strange name 'Magdalene' clearly resembles the Aramaic term 'mgadla nshaya' meaning 'women's hairdresser'. Because the Christians did not know what the name 'Magdalene' meant, they later conjectured that it meant that she had come from a place called Magdala on the west of Lake Kinneret. The idea of the two Marys fitted in well with the pagan way of thinking. The image of Jesus being followed by the two Marys is strongly reminiscent of Dionysus being followed by Demeter and Persephone.</blockquote>
- Hayyim ben Yehoshua, <i>The Myth of the Historical Jesus</i></div>
DROUSHKAhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07119855520563971451noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3620486789052227667.post-79952474878990799012013-04-29T00:54:00.001-07:002013-04-29T00:54:22.814-07:00New Evidence Unearthed for the Origins of the Maya<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-KKd5mzR6qWs/UX4m9Hr1LrI/AAAAAAAAAVA/ZGyd5CJXrX0/s1600/maya-civilization-mingled-with-neighbors_66690_600x450.jpg" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-KKd5mzR6qWs/UX4m9Hr1LrI/AAAAAAAAAVA/ZGyd5CJXrX0/s320/maya-civilization-mingled-with-neighbors_66690_600x450.jpg" /></a><br />
Civilizations rise and fall, often in dramatic fashion. Their origins, though, are subtler and tend to be overlooked or poorly understood.
In the case of the Maya, a new paper in Science magazine sheds surprising light on that murky early period.
The classic period of the lowland Maya in Mesoamerica (A.D. 300 to 950) is a popular topic in archaeology, but little is known about the early preclassic era (before 1000 B.C.). Scientists are typically split between two theories on the subject: Either the Maya developed directly from an older "mother culture" known as the Olmec, or they sprang into existence independently.
Takeshi Inomata, professor of anthropology at the University of Arizona and a National Geographic research grantee, disagrees with both theories. In his work at the archaeological site of Ceibal in Guatemala, he has unearthed evidence for a more complex origin story.
Early Ritual Spaces
The Maya are usually associated with monumental architecture. Massive pyramids and immense plazas testify to a complex and fascinating culture. One can hardly hear the word "Maya" without imagining elaborately decorated kings and priests climbing the long, steep stairs of pyramids like those at Tikal.
But pyramids don't just spring out of the jungle overnight, nor does a complex culture merely appear. Inomata and his team dug below the monumental architecture at Ceibal to see how such structures began.
Inomata assumed that the now iconic classic architecture probably stood on earlier sites used for similar purposes. His assumption turned out to be correct. He found smaller platforms built of earth beneath the pyramids of stone, signaling a formal ritual complex at Ceibal dating to around 1000 B.C.
The presence of ritual architecture early in the development of the Maya is an indication of a settled lifestyle with complex agriculture, religion, and a stratified society—all of which add up to a unified culture and the beginnings of a larger civilization.
Redefining the Olmec Connection
Experts have traditionally believed that when the Olmec were busy building their civilization at large sites such as La Venta, near the Gulf coast in modern Mexico, the people who would become the Maya were living in loosely associated nomadic groups in the jungles to the east and southeast. This theory holds that the Maya derived their entire society—including their architecture and social structure—directly from the Olmec.
But Inomata's work has revealed that the Olmec is not an older civilization. In fact, Ceibal pre-dates La Venta by as long as two centuries. And although some Olmec cities are indeed older than both La Venta and Ceibal, they likely did not interact with the Maya.
"This does not mean that the Maya developed independently," Inomata says. Instead, he believes, the influence flowed both ways. La Venta and Ceibal appear to have developed in tandem in a great cultural shift throughout the region. "It seems more likely that there was a broad history of interactions across these regions, and through these interactions, a new form of society developed."
More Flexible Definitions
To further complicate matters, Inomata stresses that the evidence doesn't show clear distinctions between the Olmec and Maya at the preclassic stage.
The two civilizations are easy to differentiate during the classic period, since the Maya had by then developed a distinct language and culture. But the period between 1000 and 700 B.C. is more transitional. With La Venta and Ceibal freely trading ideas, technologies, cultural elements, and perhaps even population, it's difficult to call one Olmec and the other Maya.
"Determining labels for these early people is quite a tricky question—we're not sure if residents of early Ceibal were wholly Mayan," says Inomata. "We have decided to take a much more flexible approach, avoiding fixed labels in favor of looking at patterns of interaction and how more stable identities developed."
An Agricultural Revolution
Inomata and his team will spend the next three years analyzing the findings from Ceibal. They will then begin to excavate outside the site's center, hoping to gain an understanding of what day-to-day life was like in the preclassic period.
The peripheral areas, separated from the ritual plazas and temples, could hold more keys to the origins of the Maya. Inomata believes that the residential and agricultural areas are particularly important.
Around 1000 B.C. the previously nomadic groups that became the Maya began to build urban ritual areas. "Instead of starting with villages," Inomata says, "they made a ceremonial center." The idea for that may have come from the people who later created La Venta.
A radical shift in agriculture at that time may also have played an important role in the move to a more settled lifestyle. Corn, the principal crop of the Maya, "became much more productive," says Inomata. "And then it made sense to cut down forests and increase agriculture."
Inomata believes this agricultural revolution may have been rooted in genetic changes in the corn plant itself. But this, like so many other ideas about the rise and fall of the Maya civilization, still requires much more evidence to prove</div>
DROUSHKAhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07119855520563971451noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3620486789052227667.post-13535933466402966162009-05-05T22:02:00.000-07:002009-05-05T22:05:23.117-07:00Band of Holes near Pisco Valley, PeruThousands of man-sized holes are carved into the barren rock near Pisco Valley, Peru on a plain called Cajamarquilla.<br /><br /><p>These strange holes, stretching for a mile over uneven mountain terrain, were here for so long that the local people have no idea who made them, or why. Funny thing is no one really saw the big picture until the area was seen from the air.</p> <a set="yes" linkindex="38" target="_blank" href="http://www.world-mysteries.com/pisco2ed.jpg"> <img src="http://www.world-mysteries.com/pisco2s.jpg" border="1" height="366" width="440" /></a><br /><br /><br /><p>Archeologists have speculated they were dug to store grain in. Two problems with this, say the folks thinking out of the box: there were a lot easier ways to create storage containers than the hard work and decades it must have taken to chip out all of these, and it would have made more sense, if these were to store grain, to build several huge chambers.<br /> </p> <p>Ok, said the archeologists. Perhaps they were used as one-person tombs? Vertical graves of some sort? But no bones, artifacts, scraps, inscriptions, jewelry...not even a tooth or strand of hair has been found in them. They have no covers to seal them as you might a tomb and no sacred history or even myth was passed down to label them as such.</p> <p>Some sections have holes in rigid and perfect precision; some run in rows that curve up in arches, some staggered lines. They vary in depth to about 6-7 feet deep yet some are merely shallow indents as if not completed - though surrounded by those that are.</p><p>To date, no one has a clue why they're here, who made them or what they were. </p> <p align="center"><a set="yes" linkindex="40" target="_blank" href="http://www.world-mysteries.com/pisco1b.jpg"> <img src="http://www.world-mysteries.com/pisco1s.jpg" border="1" height="366" width="440" /></a></p> <i>Satellite photo of the "Band of Holes" near Pisco Valley.<br /> Note: The location of the band of holes is highlighted brown.<br /><br /></i><p>Even von Daniken's work begins to take on a realness when one finds an old National Geographic from 1933 corroborating the "Band of Holes," that he personally inspected a few years ago. Each hole is a meter wide and just as deep. There are eight holes spanning 24 meters in width, marching in repetitive uniform fashion, from the Pisco Valley rolling over a mile through mountain terrain -- finally disappearing in the misty mass of Peru. These holes remind this old West Texas boy of the traces left by a massive drilling rig moving along methodically, testing the geology of the Andes for precious metals. Lasers have also left such tracings in the ground. Archaeologists say they represented defensive positions or graves for the ancient ones, except why would you bury anyone on a slope in rocky soil at more than a 45-degree angle?</p> <p> </p> <p>If you look at the most northern part of the band, you will notice that it ends within unnaturally darkened area (it almost looks like a remnants of an explosion)... see the photo below: </p> <p><a set="yes" linkindex="41" target="_blank" href="http://www.world-mysteries.com/pisco_explosion.jpg"> <img src="http://www.world-mysteries.com/pisco_explosion_sm.jpg" border="1" height="379" width="446" /></a></p> <i>Strangely dark area where the "band of holes" ends.<br /><br /></i> <p> <img src="http://www.world-mysteries.com/pisco_v_closeup.jpg" border="0" height="676" width="456" /><br /> <br /></p> <p><img src="http://www.world-mysteries.com/pisco_v_h2.jpg" border="0" height="314" width="458" /><em><span style="font-family:Georgia;font-size:85%;color:#000080;"><br /> </span></em><br /></p> <p>Few miles east from the band, satellite photo shows structures that look like a remnants of an ancient settlement (these formations do not look natural and there is nothing similar in the entire area):<br /></p> <p align="center"><a set="yes" linkindex="44" target="_blank" href="http://www.world-mysteries.com/lostcity_1.jpg"> <img src="http://www.world-mysteries.com/lostcity1sml.jpg" border="1" height="375" width="447" /></a></p> <p align="center"><i>Remnants of an ancient city?<br /><br /> </i></p> <p>For the reference here is satellite photo of Machu Picchu:</p> <p align="center"><a set="yes" linkindex="45" target="_blank" href="http://www.world-mysteries.com/google_machup.jpg"> <img src="http://www.world-mysteries.com/google_machup_sm.jpg" border="1" height="473" width="420" /></a></p>DROUSHKAhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07119855520563971451noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3620486789052227667.post-79057317077019431702009-05-05T21:53:00.000-07:002009-05-05T21:56:10.079-07:00Chichén Itzá<p><b>Chichén Itzá,</b> Mexico <i>(Latitude 20°40'N | Longitude 88°32'W)</i></p> <p>Chichén-Itzá is the most visited archaeological site in the peninsula of Yucatan, due to its extraordinary architecture beauty and its geographical location. It is located 120 km from Merida (about midway between the towns of Cancun and Merida) in the State of Yucatan, Mexico. </p> <p align="center"> <img src="http://www.world-mysteries.com/mexico_itza.jpg" border="0" height="274" width="502" /></p> <p align="center"> <img src="http://www.world-mysteries.com/itza_lmap.gif" border="0" height="506" width="500" /></p> <p align="center"> <i>Location of Chichen Itza in Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico</i></p> <p align="center"> <img src="http://www.world-mysteries.com/itza_sat_sml.jpg" border="0" height="528" width="494" /></p><p dir="rtl" align="center"> <img src="http://www.world-mysteries.com/tok_mp1.jpg" border="0" height="327" width="426" /></p> <p align="center"> <i>Layout of the ruins of Chichen Itza</i></p><p>The site was developed between the 6th and 14th centuries. The early inhabitants (A.D. 600-900) were the Itzá, a Maya group. Chichén Itzá seems to have been abandoned during the 10th century but later resettled around A.D. 1000. The second group of settlers may have been the original Itzá, Toltecs from Tula (near Mexico City), or a fusion of both groups.</p> <p>Archaeologists have recognized both Maya and Toltec influences in the architecture: most believe that the Toltecs influenced the Itzá, but some argue that the influence was in the other direction.</p> <p>It was founded in the year 514 of our era by the priest LAKIN CHAN who was also called Itzamna. This is why their people were called since the foundation, chanes or itzaes.</p> <p>The name Chichén Itzá, is derived from the Mayan language: "Chi" - mouth, "Chen" - well and "Itza" - the tribe that inhabited the area. When the Spaniards arrived to Chichen - Itza, it had been abandoned as a consequence of the civil war fought with Mayapan. In between 1196 and 1441 the final collapse of this culture took place in the north of the peninsula. </p> <p>The conquerors found the buildings of Chichén Itzá, partially in ruins and their names and real use were unknown; this is why the present names are suppositions.</p> <img src="http://www.world-mysteries.com/tok_1860a.jpg" height="318" width="471" /><br /><br /><br /><p align="center"><img src="http://www.world-mysteries.com/tok4.jpg" border="0" height="336" width="471" /></p> <p align="center"><i>Cather's drawings of El Castillo</i></p> <p align="center"><img src="http://www.world-mysteries.com/tok_oldp1.jpg" border="0" height="322" width="469" /></p> <p align="center"><i>El Castillo (old photo)</i></p> <p>About 60% of El Castillo pyramid has been restored almost fully from the decaying condition in which it was re-discovered by John L. Stephens in 1841 although the eastern and southern faces are still partially eroded by the forces of time and erosion. There are no plans to restore these two faces of the pyramid as those that restored the other portions wish for future generations to see the condition in which it was originally discovered. </p> <p align="center"><img src="http://www.world-mysteries.com/ch_oldobs.jpg" border="0" height="317" width="469" /></p> <p align="center"><i>El Caracol (old photo)</i></p> <p align="center"><img src="http://www.world-mysteries.com/ch_oldnun.jpg" border="0" height="289" width="466" /></p> <p align="center"><img src="http://www.world-mysteries.com/ch_oldnun2.jpg" border="0" height="361" width="466" /></p> <p align="center"><i>Drawings of the Nunnery</i></p> <center> <p><img src="http://www.world-mysteries.com/tok1.jpg" height="323" width="485" /></p> </center> <i>Artist's rendering of central Chichen Itza around the year AD 1,000. View is from the north with the Castillo Pyramid in the center, Temple of the Warriors to the east, and a sacbe to the Sacred Cenote in the foreground. </i><span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica;"><br /><br /></span><p>Chichen Itza is the most impressive and intact ruins of Mayan civilization that the modern world has. This now popular tourist attraction is located on the Yucatan Peninsula of Mexico and has fast become the best restored record of the spiritual, domestic, and agricultural lives of these people. Mayan ruins in central America, such as Chichen Itza, are remnants of cities that were abandoned long before Columbus reached the area; yet this culture has influenced many areas of architecture, art, and astronomy, that live on even in our modern world.<br /></p> <p>The Mayan people are most famous for their brilliant and advanced astronomical knowledge and their resiliency. Stone remnants of their civilization are currently being preserved at various sites in Mexico; in Tilkal, Guatemala; in Altun Ha, Belize; and in Copan, Honduras. Mayan civilization spread from their origin on the Yucatan Peninsula to the rain forests of Mexico eastward and the other surrounding countries. Today, mostly on the Yucatan Peninsula and in the state of Chiapas, Mayan culture is still thriving with four to six million people, over 30 languages, and many ethnic backgrounds represented. Modern Mayans still continue many of the traditions of their ancient culture, such as speaking their ancient dialects instead of Spanish, growing their traditional crops (corn, beans, chile, tomatoes, and squash) with the same techniques, and using herbal medicinal treatments instead of modern medicine. Many spiritual aspects of Mayan life, the purpose for their ancient cities, is still exercised with many offerings and pilgrimages to modern churches, sometimes fusing Catholicism with Mayan beliefs from antiquity.<br /></p> <p>Around 550 AD, Mayans settled Chichen (translated "the mouth of the well") around two wells; one sacred and one "profane," used for everyday use. These underground wells and subsequent waterways, known as "cenotes", were the lifeblood of the community. Chichen Itza was primarily a rain forest area settled on flat, porous limestone that rain seeped through to became trapped in the insolvent bedrock below. These cenotes were, therefore, the oasis of the society, full of rain and run off water for their living needs. Chichen Itza, like most Mayan centers, was primarily a spiritual, ceremonial site instead of a commercial area. The loose arrangement of decentralized farming communities came together for offerings, sacrifices, and ceremonies in the town. Some trade, education, and recreation were also performed there. Exhumed from the sacred well were many ceremonial objects, skulls, and entire skeletons.<br /></p> <p>Evidence suggests that Chichen Itza was abandoned by the Mayans in the tenth century. This is concurrent with evidence of all Mayan cities being abandoned around this period. The abandonment has not yet been fully explained. The Mayans returned to and resettled their cities around 1000 AD. Chichen Itza's architecture is seen to have two distinctive styles; traditional Mayan architecture, and more recent Toltec architecture. The Toltecs were another more warlike tribe who invaded Chichen Itza around the year 800 AD. The Toltecs were much more fierce than the Mayans and human sacrifice was a large part of their rituals. It is quite easy to decipher which structures in Chichen Itza were built before and after 800 AD.</p>DROUSHKAhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07119855520563971451noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3620486789052227667.post-46499882693482759242009-05-03T23:12:00.000-07:002009-05-03T23:16:25.671-07:00Sacsayhuaman (Saqsaywaman)<p>This site is located north of the city of Cusco, at an altitude of about 3555 meters above sea level, between the districts of Cusco and San Sebastian, both of them within in the province and department of Cusco. The archaeological park covers an area of 3094 Hectares and contains more than 200 archaeological sites. Leading to Saqsaywaman there are two paved roads, one starts in the old and traditional neighbourhood of San Cristobal and is about 1.5 kilometers long and the other road begins at Avenida Collasuyo and is 4 kilometers long.</p> <p align="left"> When the Spanish conquerors arrived first to these lands; they could not explain themselves how Peruvian "Indians" (ignorant, wild, without any ability of logical reasoning, one more animal species according to conquerors) could have built such a greatness. Their religious fanaticism led them to believe that all that was simply work of demons or malign spirits. Still today, many people believe in the inability of ancient Quechuas to create such a wonder, so they suggest that they were made by beings of some other worlds, extraterrestrial beings with superior technology that made all that possible. However, our history and archaeology demonstrate that those objects of admiration are an undeniable work of the Incas, Quechuas, Andean people or however pre-Hispanic inhabitants of this corner of the world would be named.</p> <p align="left">The imperial city Cusco, meaning ‘navel of the earth,’ was laid out in the form of a puma, the animal that symbolized the Inca dynasty. The belly of the puma was the main plaza, the river Tullumayo formed its spine, and the hill of Sacsayhuaman its head.</p> <p align="left">One of the most imposing architectonic complexes inherited from the Incan Society is Sacsayhuaman, which because of several of its qualities is considered as one of the best monuments that mankind built on the earth's surface. </p> <p align="left">The wall or rampart is the most impressive section, built with enormous carved limestone boulders, this construction has a broken line that faces to the main plaza called Chuquipampa which is a slope with 25 angles and 60 walls.The biggest carved boulder of the first wall weighs about 70 tons and like all of the other rocks was brought from a quarry called Sisicancha, three kilometers away and where there are still rocks that were transported part of the way. Each wall is made up of 10 fronts with the most important ones known as Rumipunco, tiupunku, Achuanpunku and Viracocha punku.</p> <p align="center"><img src="http://www.world-mysteries.com/mpl_9e.jpg" border="0" height="260" width="395" /></p> <p align="center"><img src="http://www.world-mysteries.com/mpl_9f.jpg" border="0" height="206" width="400" /></p> <p align="center"><img src="http://www.world-mysteries.com/mpl_9b.jpg" height="140" width="402" /></p> <p class="f" align="center"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">Three walls of Sacsayhuaman - the teeth of the Puma's Head</span></p> <p>Originally there were three "walls" or "bulwarks" which foundations are still seen today; they are the most spectacular remains of that fabulous building that according to chroniclers did not have any comparison in the old world. They are three parallel walls built in different levels with lime-stones of enormous sizes; zigzagging walls that because of their appearance it is suggested that they represent the "teeth" of the puma's head that the complex represented. The boulders used for the first or lower levels are the biggest; there is one that is 8.5 m high (28 ft.) and weights about 140 metric tons. Those boulders classify the walls as being of cyclopean or megalithic architecture. Some authors believe that the three walls represent the three levels of the Andean Religious World: beginning from the bottom would be the Ukju Pacha (underground stage), the Kay Pacha (earth's surface stage) in the middle, and the Hanan Pacha (sky stage) on the top. Besides; those levels are identified with their three sacred animals: the Amaru or Mach'aqway (snake), the Puma (Cougar or Mountain Lion), and the Kuntur (Andean condor). Because of the zigzagging shape of the walls, some authors suggest that they represented the Illapa god (thunder, lightning and thunderbolt). It is possible that all the previous elements related to their religion would not be excluding, because there are divine interactions, and as it is known "three" was a key number among Quechuas.</p> <p align="left">There are no other walls like these. They are different from Stonehenge, different from the Pyramids of the Egyptians and the Maya, different from any of the other ancient monolithic stone-works.</p> <p align="center"><img src="http://www.world-mysteries.com/mpl_9a.jpg" height="517" width="312" /></p> <p align="left">The stones fit so perfectly that no blade of grass or steel can slide between them. There is no mortar. They often join in complex and irregular surfaces that would appear to be a nightmare for the stonemason.</p> <p align="left">Scientists speculate that the masonry process might have worked like this: after carving the desired shape out of the first boulder and fitting it in place, the masons would somehow suspend the second boulder on scaffolding next to the first one. They would then have to trace out a pattern on the second boulder in order to plan the appropriate jigsaw shape that would fit the two together. In order to make a precise copy of the first boulder's edges, the masons might have used a straight stick with a hanging plum- bob to trace its edges and mark off exact points for carving on the second boulder. After tracing out the pattern, they would sculpt the stone into shape, pounding it with hand-sized stones to get the general shape before using finger-size stones for precision sanding. Admittedly, this entire technique is merely scientific speculation. The method might have worked in practice but that doesn't mean this is how the ancient Quechua stonemasons did it.</p> <p align="left"> There is usually neither adornment nor inscription. There is Elfin whimsy here, as well as raw, primitive and mighty expression. Most of these walls are found around Cusco and the Urubamba River Valley in the Peruvian Andes. There a few scattered examples elsewhere in the Andes, but almost nowhere else on Earth.<br />Mostly, the structures are beyond our ken. The how, why and what simply baffle. Modern man can neither explain nor duplicate. Mysteries like this bring out explanations scholarly, whimsical, inventive and ridiculous.</p> <p>What is left from the three walls is made with lime-stones that in this case were used just in order to built the bases or foundations. The main walls were made with andesites that are blackish igneous stones which quarries are in Waqoto on the mountains north of San Jeronimo, or in Rumiqolqa about 35 Kms. (22 miles) from the city. Limestones are found in the surroundings of Sacsayhuaman but they are softer and can not be finely carved as the andesites of the main walls that were of the "Sedimentary or Imperial Incan" type. Destruction of Sacsayhuaman lasted about 400 years; since 1536 when Manko Inka began the war against Spaniards and sheltered himself in this complex. Later the first conquerors started using its stones to built their houses in the city; subsequently the city's Church Council ordered in 1559 to take the andesites for the construction of the Cathedral. Even until 1930, Qosqo's neighbours just paying a small fee could take the amount of stones they wanted in order to build their houses in the city: four centuries of destruction using this complex as a quarry by the colonial city's stone masons.</p> <p>Sacsayhuaman was supposedly completed around 1508. Depending on who you listen to, it took a crew of 20,000 to 30,000 men working for 60 years.<br /> Here is a mystery:<br /> The chronicler Garcilaso de la Vega was born around 1530, and raised in the shadow of these walls. And yet he seems not to have had a clue as to how Sacsayhuaman was built. He wrote:</p> <p class="f"> "....this fortress surpasses the constructions known as the seven wonders of the world. For in the case of a long broad wall like that of Babylon, or the colossus of Rhodes, or the pyramids of Egypt, or the other monuments, one can see clearly how they were executed...how, by summoning an immense body of workers and accumulating more and more material day by day and year by year, they overcame all difficulties by employing human effort over a long period. But it is indeed beyond the power of imagination to understand now these Indians, unacquainted with devices, engines, and implements, could have cut, dressed, raised, and lowered great rocks, more like lumps of hills than building stones, and set them so exactly in their places. For this reason, and because the Indians were so familiar with demons, the work is attributed to enchantment."</p> <p>Surely a few of those 20,000 labourers were still around when Garcilaso was young. Was everyone struck with amnesia? Or is Sacsayhuaman much older than we've been led to believe?</p> <p align="left">Archaeologists tell us that the walls of Sacsayhuaman rose ten feet higher than their remnants. That additional ten feet of stones supplied the building materials for the cathedrals and "casas" of the conquistadors.<br /> It is generally conceded that these stones were much smaller than those megalithic monsters that remain.<br /> Perhaps the upper part of the walls, constructed of small, regularly-shaped stones was the only part of Sacsayhuaman that was built by the Incas and "finished in 1508." This could explain why no one at the time of the conquest seemed to know how those mighty walls were built.</p><p align="left"><br /></p><h3><a name="Muyuqmarka">Muyuqmarka</a></h3><p>Garcilaso wrote that on the top of the three "walls" or "bulwarks" there were three strong towers disposed in a triangle. The main tower was in the middle and had a circular shape, it was named as Moyoc Marca (Muyuq Marka), the second one was named as Paucar Marca, and the third Sacllar Marca (Sallaq Marka); the last two ones were rectangular.</p> <p align="center"><img src="http://www.world-mysteries.com/mpl_9sac3.jpg" border="0" height="260" width="400" /></p> <p align="center"><img src="http://www.world-mysteries.com/mpl_9mar.jpg" border="0" height="273" width="402" /></p> <p>This is the remaining base of a tower discovered in 1934 at the top of the Temple of Sacsayhuaman. The Muyuqmarka consists of three concentric, circular stone walls connected by a series of radial walls. There are three channels constructed to bring water into what many scientists consider to be a reservoir. A web-like pattern of 34 lines intersects at the center and also there is a pattern of concentric circles that corresponded to the location of the circular walls.</p><p><br /></p><h3 align="left"><a name="Cusco">Cusco</a></h3><h3 align="left"><a name="Cusco"></a></h3><p align="left">According to Indian legend, Cusco was so barren that no crops could be grown there. In what is now the center of the city, there was a lake and a bog. The second Inca, Sinchi Roca, had the swamp drained and filled with stones and logs until it was firm enough to support their stone buildings. He also had thousands of loads of good earth brought in and spread over the land, making the valley fertile. What could possibly have been the attraction of this barren, boggy place? Suppose the magnificent lower walls of Sacsayhuaman were there before Manco Capac came to Cusco. That in itself would be enough to make the place holy.</p> <p>The imperial city Cusco, meaning ‘navel of the earth,’ was laid out in the form of a puma, the animal that symbolized the Inca dynasty. The belly of the puma was the main plaza, the river Tullumayo formed its spine, and the hill of Sacsayhuaman its head. According to one early Spanish chronicler, the Inca emperor Pachakuti, who had made a pilgrimage to the ancient holy city of Tiahuanaco, sought to emulate the building perfection he had seen there in the construction of Cusco’s temples. Cusco, however, was not really a city in the European sense of the word. Rather it was an enormous sacred artifact, the dwelling place of the families of the Inca nobility (common people were not allowed entrance to the ceremonial nexus), and the center of the Inca cosmos.</p><p><br /></p><h4><a name="Coricancha">Coricancha</a></h4><h4><a name="Coricancha"></a></h4><p>In Cusco too, was the most important temple in the Inca empire, the Coricancha (meaning literally, "the corral of gold"). Dedicated primarily to Viracocha, the creator god, and Inti, the Sun god, the Coricancha also had subsidiary shrines to the Moon, Venus, the Pleiades, and various weather deities. Additionally there were a large number of religious icons of conquered peoples which had been brought to Cusco, partly in homage and partly as hostage. Reports by the first Spanish who entered Cusco tell that ceremonies were conducted around the clock at the Coricancha and that its opulence was fabulous beyond belief. </p> <p align="center"><img src="http://www.world-mysteries.com/mpl_9cori2.jpg" border="0" height="274" width="431" /> </p> <p class="f" align="center"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">Coricancha - Inca Sun Temple. Finest of Inca stonework.</span> </p> <p align="center"><img src="http://www.world-mysteries.com/mpl_9cori1.jpg" border="0" height="361" width="251" /> </p> <p class="f" align="center"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">Golden Enclosure in Coricancha sheltered<br /> INTI Sun God & Gold Disk (1430-1532).</span> </p> <p> The wonderfully carved granite walls of the temple were covered with more than 700 sheets of pure gold, weighing around two kilograms each; the spacious courtyard was filled with life-size sculptures of animals and a field of corn, all fashioned from pure gold; the floors of the temple were themselves covered in solid gold; and facing the rising sun was a massive golden image of the sun encrusted with emeralds and other precious stones. (All of this golden artwork was quickly stolen and melted down by the Spaniards, who then built a church of Santo Domingo on foundations of the temple.)<br /> <br /> The Coricancha (sometimes spelled Qoricancha) was also the centerpiece of a vast astronomical observatory and calendrical device for precisely calculating precessional movement. Emanating from the temple were forty lines called seques, running arrow-straight for hundreds of miles to significant celestial points on the horizon. Four of these seques represented the four intercardinal roads to the four quarters of Tawantinsuyu, others pointed to the equinox and solstice points, and still others to the heliacal rise positions of different stars and constellations highly important to the Inca.<br /></p><h4>Rodadero Hill and the Throne of the Incas </h4> <p>In the outskirts of Cusco, exactly opposite to Sacsayhuaman is Rodadero, a giant rock hill with numerous stairwells and benches carved into the rock<br /> </p> <p align="center"> <img src="http://www.world-mysteries.com/mpl_9d.jpg" height="207" width="324" /> </p> <p align="center"> <img src="http://www.world-mysteries.com/mpl_9thr.jpg" border="0" height="204" width="324" /> </p> <p class="f" align="center"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">Throne of the Inca</span></p> <p align="center"> <img src="http://www.world-mysteries.com/mpl_9sac2.jpg" border="0" height="295" width="180" /> </p> <p align="center"> <img src="http://www.world-mysteries.com/mpl_9glc.jpg" border="0" height="295" width="441" /> </p> <p class="f" align="center"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">The rock is smooth and rounded, like it was polished by a glacier.</span> </p> <p align="left">Rodadero hill is made up of diorite rock of igneous origin, where you can find waterways, carved rocks and what has been revealed to be the so-called throne of the Incas that is accessed by a series of precisely carved stairs. Behind this section there are small labyrinths, tunnels and vaulted niches in the walls. </p><h3><a name="Muyuqmarka"></a></h3>DROUSHKAhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07119855520563971451noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3620486789052227667.post-51292586610135792142009-05-03T23:07:00.000-07:002009-05-03T23:09:57.037-07:00Ollantaytambo<p class="q"> At the northern end of the Sacred Valley, Ollantaytambo is rare if not unique in Peru.<br />Ollantaytambo is a massive citadel located 50 kilometers from Machu Picchu. The citadel served as both a temple and a fortress. At some time unknown, and for reasons unknown, work mysteriously stopped on this huge project.</p> <div align="center"> <center> <table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" width="400"> <tbody><tr> <td align="center" valign="top" width="206"> <p class="s" align="center"><img src="http://www.world-mysteries.com/mpl_8ter.jpg" border="0" height="303" width="201" /><br /><br /> </p></td> <td align="center" valign="top" width="240"> <p align="center"><img src="http://www.world-mysteries.com/mpl_8b.jpg" height="307" width="228" /></p></td> </tr> </tbody></table> </center> </div> <p class="q" align="center"><i>Inca terraces (left) and megalithic wall (right) at pre-Inca site of Ollantaytambo.</i></p> <p class="s" align="center"><img src="http://www.world-mysteries.com/mpl_8wall.jpg" naturalsizeflag="3" border="0" height="262" width="400" /><br /><br /> </p> <p align="center"><img src="http://www.world-mysteries.com/mpl_8otru.jpg" border="0" height="267" width="400" /></p> <p class="q" align="center"><i>Mysterious Pre-Inca megalithic stonework at Ollantaytambo</i></p> <h3 align="left"><a name="Stone">Stone</a> Technology</h3> The Sun Temple (above) that was constructed with huge red porphyry (pink granite) boulders. The stone quarry is named Kachiqhata (Salt Slope) and is located about 4 km (2.5 miles) away on the other side of the valley, by the upper side of the opposite south-western mountains. The boulders were carved partially in the quarries, and taken down to the valley's bottomIn order to cross the river Quechuas constructed an artificial channel parallel to the natural river bed that served for deviating the river's water according to conveniences. Therefore, while that water flowed through one channel the other was dry, thus stones could be taken to the other side of the valley. More over, the boulders were transported to the upper spot where the temple is erected using the inclined plane that is something like a road which silhouette is clearly seen from the valley's bottom. They had the help of log rollers or rolling stones as wheels, South-American cameloids' leather ropes, levers, pulleys, and the power of hundreds and even thousands of men. Today, on the way from the quarry to the temple there are dozens of enormous stones that people know as " tired stones" because it is believed that they could never be transported to their destination; those stones are the reason why some authors claim that the Sun Temple was unfinished when the Spanish invasion happened. <div align="center"> <center> <table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" width="400"> <tbody><tr> <td align="center" valign="top" width="206"> <p align="center"><img src="http://www.world-mysteries.com/mpl_8stn.jpg" border="0" height="159" width="200" /></p></td> <td align="center" valign="top" width="240"> <p align="center"><img src="http://www.world-mysteries.com/mpl_8d.jpg" height="158" width="224" /></p></td> </tr> </tbody></table> </center> </div> <p class="q" align="left"> </p> <p class="f" align="center"><img src="http://www.world-mysteries.com/mpl_8stn3.jpg" border="0" height="279" width="177" /></p> <p class="f" align="center"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">Massive, multi-sided blocks were precisely fitted together in interlocking<br /> patterns in order to withstand the disastrous effects of earth quakes.</span></p> <p class="q" align="left">Scientists speculate that the masonry process might have worked like this: after carving the desired shape out of the first boulder and fitting it in place, the masons would somehow suspend the second boulder on scaffolding next to the first one. They would then have to trace out a pattern on the second boulder in order to plan the appropriate jigsaw shape that would fit the two together. In order to make a precise copy of the first boulder's edges, the masons might have used a straight stick with a hanging plum-bob to trace its edges and mark off exact points for carving on the second boulder. After tracing out the pattern, they would sculpt the stone into shape, pounding it with hand-sized stones to get the general shape before using finger-size stones for precision sanding. Admittedly, this entire technique is merely scientific speculation. The method might have worked in practice but that doesn't mean this is how the ancient Quechua stonemasons did it.</p> <p class="f" align="left">"How were such titanic blocks of stone brought to the top of the mountain from the quarries many miles away? How were they cut and fitted? How were they raised and put in place? Now one knows, no one can even guess. There are archaeologists, scientists, who would have us believe that the dense, hard andesite rock was cut, surfaced and faced by means of stone or bronze tools. Such an explanation is so utterly preposterous that it is not even worthy of serious consideration. No one ever has found anywhere any stone tool or implement that would cut or chip the andesite, and no bronze ever made will make any impression upon it."</p> <p class="f" align="right"> A. Hyatt & Ruth Verrill ----America's Ancient Civilizations</p> <p class="q">Jean-Pierre Protzen thinks the Verrills was wrong. He went to Cuzco and showed how river rocks could be used as hammers to pound stones into the desired shape.</p> <p class="f"> "It appears that the Inca technique of fitting the blocks together was based largely on trial and error. It is a laborious method, particularly if one considers the size of some of the huge stones at Sacsahuaman or Ollantaytambo. What should be kept in mind, however, is that time and labour power were probably of little concern to the Incas, who did not have a European notion of time and had plenty of tribute labour from conquered peoples at their disposal."</p> <p class="f" align="right"> Jean-Pierre Protzen ---Scientific American ---Feb. 1986</p> <p align="center"><img src="http://www.world-mysteries.com/mpl_8stn2.jpg" border="0" height="289" width="190" /></p> <p class="f" align="center"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">Was this monolith carved with stone tools?</span></p><p class="f" align="center"><br /></p><h3><a name="Aramu Muru">Aramu Muru</a></h3><p class="q">Another similar in nature megalithic structure is Aramu Muru near the Lake Titicaca.</p> <p class="q">Lake Titicaca, on the borders of Peru and Bolivia, is where Inca legends say life on Earth was first created by Viracocha. In the center of the lake is the Island of the Sun, with an ancient, sacred temple. Nearby is Sillustani, where mysterious burial towers called chulpas were once plated with gold and held the remains of Inca royalty.</p> <p class="q">A few miles away is Aramu Muru’s Portal, a doorway-shaped niche in a stone outcropping, located in a region known as the Valley of the Spirits. The local villagers who walked with us refused to come close to the portal. They tell stories about people disappearing through the solid rock.</p> <p class="s" align="center"><img src="http://www.world-mysteries.com/mpl_8aramu.jpg" border="0" height="266" width="400" /><br /><br /> </p> <p class="q" align="center"><span style="font-family:Arial;"><i>Mysterious giant stone sculpture of Aramu Muru, north of Chucuito, Peru</i></span></p><p class="q" align="center"><span style="font-family:Arial;"><i><br /></i></span></p><h3><a name="Aramu Muru"></a></h3>DROUSHKAhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07119855520563971451noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3620486789052227667.post-81489964468217772892009-05-03T23:01:00.000-07:002009-05-03T23:05:16.002-07:00TeotihuacanTeotihuacan means 'The City of the Gods", or "Where Men Become Gods"<br /> (in Nahuatl). It is located in the valley of the same name 30 miles north of Mexico City.<br /><br />Teotihuacan used to be a thriving city and ceremonial center that predated the Aztecs by several centuries. Most likely it was Mexico's biggest ancient city at its peak and the sixth largest city in the world in AD 600. <p>Teotihuacan began declining sharply around 650 AD, and was almost completely abandoned around 750 AD. No one knows why.</p> <p align="center"> <img src="http://www.world-mysteries.com/teotihuacan_bw.jpg" border="0" height="450" width="496" /></p> <p align="center"> <img src="http://www.world-mysteries.com/mpl_7ciud.jpg" border="0" height="359" width="497" /></p> <p align="center"> <img src="http://www.world-mysteries.com/mpl_7e.jpg" border="0" height="239" width="322" /></p> <p align="center"><img src="http://www.world-mysteries.com/mpl_7a.jpg" border="0" height="240" width="320" /></p> <p>At its peak around 500-600 A.D., Teotihuacan contained perhaps 200,000 people. It was a well planned city covering nearly eight square miles and larger and more advanced than any European city of the time. Its civilization was contemporary with that of ancient Rome , and lasted longer - more than 500 years.</p> <p>Though archaeologists have long been fascinated with the site, Teotihuacan's culture and history are still largely mysterious. The civilization left massive ruins, but no trace has yet been found of a writing system and very little is known for sure about its inhabitants, who were succeeded first by the Toltecs and then by the Aztecs.<br /> The Aztecs did not live in the city, but gave the place and its major structures their current names. They considered it the "Place of the Gods" - a place where, they believed, the current world was created.</p> <p> </p> <h3>Mysterious Layout of Teotihuacán</h3> <p>The city of Teotihuacán is meticulously laid out on a grid which is offset 15º.5 from the cardinal points. Its main avenue, the "Street of the Dead," runs from 15º.5 east of north to 15º.5 west of south, while its most impressive structure, the Pyramid of the Sun, is directly oriented to a point 15º.5 north of west -- the position at which the sun sets on August 13.</p> <p align="center"> <img src="http://www.world-mysteries.com/mpl_7d.jpg" border="0" height="397" width="340" /></p> <i><span style="font-size:85%;">There is one very peculiar thing about the city of Teotihuacan;<br /> It is oriented 15.5 degrees east of True North!*<br /><br /></span></i><ul><li>100 BC - 0 AD Proto-Teotihuacan (two small hamlets in northern pocket of Valley of Mexico, population = 5000)</li><li>0 BC - 150 AD Teotihuacan I - (Avenue of the Dead, Pyramid of the Sun established)</li><li>150 AD - 300 AD Teotihuacan II - (Grid pattern established)</li><li>300 AD - 650 AD Teotihuacan III - (Pinacle of development, population = 85,000-200,000)</li><li>650 AD - 750 AD Teotihuacan IV - Decline and fall</li></ul> <p> Besides the major ceremonial pyramids, there were also palaces and temples, especially near the north end of the city surrounding the plaza in front of the Pyramid of the Moon. These included the Palace of Quetzalcoatl, the Butterfly Palace, the Temple of the Feathered Conches, and the Palace of the Jaguars. The sophistication and artistry of the Teotihuacanos can be seen everywhere in the magnificent murals and stone carvings which adorn the walls of the palaces and apartment compounds.</p> <p>The city met its end around 700 AD through deliberate destruction and burning by the hand of unknown invaders. Although a century earlier, around AD 600, almost all of Teotihuacan's influence over the rest of Mesoamerica had ceased, indicating some sort of internal malaise or decline before the destruction.</p> <p>The first strains appeared about AD 650. A century later, Teotihuacan was a shadow of its former self. The population had declined so rapidly that the once-proud city was now little more than a series of hamlets extending over an area of about a square kilometer.</p> <p>Some great catastrophe apparently struck the city in AD 700, reducing its population to below 70,000. Many of its people moved eastward. The city was deliberately burnt and destroyed. Over the years, its buildings collapsed and the pyramids became overgrown with dense vegetation.</p> <p>Teotihuacan's decline was almost as rapid as its rise to prominence. Even so, eight centuries later, Teotihuacan was still revered far and wide as an intensely sacred place. But no one remembered who had built it or that tens of thousands of people had once lived there.</p> <p>Away from the Avenue of the Dead, the city continued to live on for another two centuries, although the population of Teotihuacan sunk to only a quarter of its former total. Some sort of crisis overtook all the Classic civilizations of Mesoamerica (including the Maya) two centuries later, forcing them to abandon most of the cities. Some anthropologists believe the crisis may have been a lessening of the food supply caused by a drying out of the land and a loss of water sources to the area.</p> <p>They speculate that this might have been brought about by a combination of natural climactic shift towards aridness that appears to have happened all over Mexico during the Classic period and the residents having cut all the timber in the valley. Originally there were cedar, cypress, pine, and oak forests; today there are cactus, yucca, agave, and California pepper trees. This change in vegetation indicates a big climate shift.</p> <p>Although Teotihuacan presents a puzzle to archaeologists because it was a huge city that appears to have arisen without antecedents, the single most important fact which archaeologists have learned about the Classic period in Mexico was the supremacy of Teotihuacan. As the urbanized center of Mexico, with high population and tremendous production, its power was imposed through political and cultural means not only in its native highland habitat, but also along the tropical coasts, reaching even into the Maya area. It's trading and tribute empire was comparable with the Aztec empire that eventually followed it. All other Mexican states were partly or entirely dependent upon it for whatever achievements they attained.</p> <p>When Teotihuacan fell, around 650 AD, the unifying force in Mesoamerica was gone, and with it widespread inter-regional trade. The Late Classic period saw increasing fractionalization among cultures. In the place of great states, petty kingdoms and militarism arose. From the highpoint of civilization at Teotihuacan, wars became the rule of the day, and for those unfortunate enough to be captured, sacrifice to the gods. Military empires, such as the Toltecs in the twelfth century AD (and later the Aztecs, starting in fourteenth century AD), which grew up from these warring factions were the cultures met by the Spanish in 1519 and largely eradicated by 1521.</p> <p>Probably the reason that the Spanish were able to conquer the Aztecs in such a short amount of time had less to do with their skill as soldiers and more to do with the fact that the Spaniards physically resembled the descriptions in Aztec legends of the god Quetzalcoatl.</p> <p>Quetzalcoatl, while symbolized as a feathered serpent, appears also to have been an historic figure - the man credited with bringing civilization, learning, culture, the calendar, mathematics, metallurgy, astronomy, masonry, architecture, productive agriculture, knowledge of the healing properties of plants, law, crafts, the arts, and peace to the native people. He is pictured as a quite different physical type than the natives - fair skinned and ruddy complexioned, long nosed, and with a long beard. He was said to have arrived by boat from the east, and sailed off again years later promising to return someday.</p><br /><h3>The Pyramid of the Sun</h3><br /><p>The Pyramid of the Sun, built in the 2nd century AD, dominates the landscape of the ancient city of Teotihuacan in Mexico.It is the third largest pyramid in the world and the largest in the Teotihuacan complex. </p> <p align="center"> <img src="http://www.world-mysteries.com/mpl_7sunn1.jpg" border="0" height="281" width="440" /></p> <img src="http://www.world-mysteries.com/mpl_7sunn3.jpg" border="0" height="274" width="440" /><br /><br /><p> This sacred, truncated edifice stood 210 feet high and 650 feet square, a vast pyramid of rubble, adobe mud, and earth all faced with stone. A wooden temple on the summit of the pyramid afforded a spectacular view of the sprawling city below.<br /> The pyramid is actually a succession of pyramids built one on top the other over the centuries. The pyramids and many other structures at Teotihuacan are stepped, rather than smooth sided like the Egyptian pyramids, and the stones of which they are made are not as large as stones used to build Egyptian pyramids. </p> <p>At its peak time - most of Teotihuacan was plastered, and the pyramids were painted bright red.</p> <p>Another fascinating feature of some of the pyramidal structures is that they contain a broad, thick layer of mica, which had to be brought from Brazil, over 2000 miles away! Mica is very flaky and fragile, yet it was brought in very large pieces from great distances (and without wheeled vehicles). Then the mica was used on an inner layer of the pyramid, not where it could be seen. Why? One characteristic of mica is that it is used as an insulator in electronic and electrical things. Was that its purpose here? Another mystery of Teotihuacan.</p> <p>In 1971, a large cave underneath the Pyramid of the Sun was discovered which throws light on why the pyramid was constructed, and perhaps even on why Teotihuacan itself was built where it was.</p> <p>The cave is actually a natural lava tube enlarged and elaborated in ancient times. The Teotihuacan Valley is a side valley of the Valley of Mexico and is one of a number of natural basins in the midst of an extensive region of volcanoes, therefore, there are many caves formed from the tubes of old lava flows.</p> <p> The ancient use of the cave predates the pyramid. Aztec tradition placed the creation the Sun and Moon, and even the present universe, at Teotihuacan.</p> <p>In Pre-Spanish Mexico, such caverns were symbolic wombs from which gods like the Sun and the Moon, and the ancestors of mankind, emerged in the mythological past. This is an immensely holy spot and the memory of its location persisted into Aztec times.<br /></p><p><br /></p><span style="font-weight: bold;"></span>The Pyramid of the Moon<br /><br /><p>The Moon Pyramid is located at the northern end of the Avenue of the Dead, which is the main axis of the city. The pyramid, facing south, was built as the principal monument of the Moon Pyramid complex. </p> <img src="http://www.world-mysteries.com/mpl_7moonn3.jpg" border="0" height="323" width="496" /><br /><br /><p>The five-tiered platform was attached to the front of the Moon Pyramid. It is said that the present pyramid has interior structures within it. However, the pyramid still remains as one of the least understood major monuments in Teotihuacan. </p> <p align="center"> <img src="http://www.world-mysteries.com/mpl_7moonn2.jpg" border="0" height="281" width="362" /></p> <p align="center"><img src="http://www.world-mysteries.com/mpl_7c.gif" height="252" width="364" /></p> <p align="center"> <img src="http://www.world-mysteries.com/mpl_7moonn1.jpg" border="0" height="199" width="365" /></p> <p align="center"> <img src="http://www.world-mysteries.com/mpl_7moonaltar.jpg" border="0" height="241" width="365" /></p> <p>The current excavation under the Pyramid of the Moon may be one of the best opportunities to answer questions about the civilization, as its underlying older, primitive loose rock construction may have protected buried secrets by making it difficult to dig under and resistant to looters.</p>DROUSHKAhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07119855520563971451noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3620486789052227667.post-23390698222130106892009-05-03T22:50:00.000-07:002009-05-03T22:59:25.908-07:00Tiahuanaco<blockquote> <p>Tiahuanacu (also called Tiwanaku) is a mystery because of its age (estimated to be 17,000 years) and the peculiar stone technology. </p> <p>Today there is little doubt that Tiahuanaco was a major sacred ceremonial centre and focal point of a culture that spread across much of the region. The ancient people built a stone pyramid known as the Akapana </p> </blockquote> <img alt="148.jpg (27675 bytes)" src="http://www.world-mysteries.com/mpl_6e.jpg" height="268" width="401" /> <span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"><i> <br /> Gateway of the Sun, Tiahuanaco<br /><br /></i></span><p align="center"><img src="http://www.world-mysteries.com/mpl_6d.jpg" border="0" height="260" width="400" /> </p> <span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"><i>Entrance to Kalasayaya temple, Tiahuanaco, Bolivia<br /><br /></i></span><blockquote> <p>That structure dominates the bottom half of this aerial photo.</p> </blockquote> <p align="center"> <img src="http://www.world-mysteries.com/mpl_6a.JPG" border="0" height="233" width="200" /></p>When first discovered the pyramid was largely covered with soil. After several decades of excavation some of the walls have been uncovered and treasure hunters opened a depression in the top. This was built originally to open towards the east. The dark line across the lower part of the picture is the railway line from a lakeside port to La Paz, the Bolivian capital. The rectangular outline just 'above and to the left ' of the Akapana is a terreplein. known as the Kalasasaya. The lighter patch with an indistinct outline 'above' the Akapana is where an excavated semi-subterranean 'temple' has been discovered. Other features are visible but most of the 'patches' are fields. The upper part of the picture is crossed by the road from the the village of Tiwanaku leading eastwards to La Paz. (taken from 'Pathways to the Gods' by Tony Morrison 1978)<br /><br />PUMAPUNKU<br /><p>Just out of the picture (above) to the bottom left is the site of the Puma Punku.<br /> This is another 'temple area' with many finely cut stones some weighing over 100 tonnes. Its position to the south of the Akapana may have been important because<br /> it gave a good view to a sacred mountain far to the east. Of course there is no certainty that this was the reason as the ancient builders left no written records.<br /> All the legends have been handed down through the generations.</p> <p align="center"> <img src="http://www.world-mysteries.com/mpl_6b.jpg" border="0" height="262" width="400" /></p> <p align="center"> <img src="http://www.world-mysteries.com/mpl_6c.jpg" border="0" height="261" width="400" /></p> <span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"><i>Puma Punku ruins, Tiahuanaco, Bolivia<br /><br /></i></span><p>Puma Punku, truly startles the imagination. It seems to be the remains of a great wharf (for Lake Titicaca long ago lapped upon the shores of Tiahuanaco) and a massive, four-part, now collapsed building. One of the construction blocks from which the pier was fashioned weighs an estimated 440 tons (equal to nearly 600 full-size cars) and several other blocks laying about are between 100 and 150 tons. The quarry for these giant blocks was on the western shore of Titicaca, some ten miles away. There is no known technology in all the ancient world that could have transported stones of such massive weight and size. The Andean people of 500 AD, with their simple reed boats, could certainly not have moved them. Even today, with all the modern advances in engineering and mathematics, we could not fashion such a structure. </p> <p>How were these monstrous stones moved and what was their purpose?<br /> Posnansky suggested an answer, based upon his studies of the astronomical alignments of Tiahuanaco, but that answer is considered so controversial, even impossible, that it has been ignored and censured by the scientific community for fifty years. </p> <p align="center"><img src="http://www.world-mysteries.com/mpl_6f.jpg" border="0" height="462" width="315" /> </p> <p align="center"><i>Carved stone block at Puma Punku. This precision-made 6 mm wide<br /> groove contains equidistant, drilled holes. It seems impossible that this<br /> cuts were made with use of stone or copper tools.</i> </p> <p align="center"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><big><big><big> <big><small><small><small><small><small><small> <span style="font-family: Verdana;"> <img style="width: 478px; height: 317px;" alt="" src="http://www.world-mysteries.com/3696060512.jpg" /></span></small></small></small></small></small></small></big></big></big></big></span></p> <i>The so-called Gate of the Sun seen at the back side.<br /> Made of one piece of hard rock. Possibly it was a part of a large wall.<br /><br /></i><p>Tiahuanaco has four (surviving) primary structures, called the Akapana pyramid, the Kalasasaya platform, the Subterranean temple, and the Puma Punku. The ceremonial core of Tiahuanaco was surrounded by an immense artificial moat that archaeologist Alan Kolata believes was “not to provide the Tiwanaku elite with a defensive structure…but rather evoked the image of the city core as an island, not a common, generic island, but the sacred island of Titicaca, the mythic site of world creation and human emergence.” Further commenting on this idea of the mythic centrality of Tiahuanaco, Kolata explains that, “the true name of Tiwanaku was Taypikhala, ‘the stone in the center.’ Such a name had a geocentric and ethnocentric meaning signifying that the city was conceived not only as the political capital of the state but also as the central point of the universe.”<br /> <br /> <br /> </p> <p>The Akapana pyramid, sometimes called the sacred mountain of Tiahuanaco, is a much eroded, seven-level pyramid measuring some 200 meters on a side and nearly 17 meters tall. Like the nearby Subterranean Temple and the Kalasasaya, the Akapana is precisely oriented to the cardinal directions. Each of the seven levels is constructed with beautifully cut and precisely joined blocks that were faced with panels once covered with metal plaques, carvings, and paintings. In the center of the Akapana’s flat summit is a small, sunken courtyard laid out in the form of a square superimposed over a perfect cross; this courtyard is also oriented to the cardinal directions. Recent excavations of this courtyard, the interior of the pyramid, and the grounds beneath it have revealed an unexpected, sophisticated, and monumental system of interlinked surface and subterranean channels. These channels brought water collected upon the summit down and through the seven levels, where it exited below ground level, merged into a major subterranean drain system underneath the civic/ceremonial core of Tiwanaku, and ultimately flowed into Lake Titicaca.<br /> <br /> <br /> </p> <p>Commenting on this magnificent engineering, Kolata states, “It is apparent that the complex system of draining the Akapana was not a structural imperative. A much simpler and smaller set of canals could have drained the accumulated water from the summit. In fact the system installed by the architects of Akapana, although superbly functional, is over-engineered, a piece of technical stone-cutting and joinery that is pure virtuosity.” Kolata goes on to wonder about why all this work was done and concludes that, “the Akapana was conceived by the people of Tiwanaku as their principal emblem of the sacred mountain, a simulacrum of the highly visible, natural mountain huacas (sacred places) in the Quimsachata range....The Akapana was Tiwanaku’s principal earth shrine, an icon of fertility and agricultural abundance. It was the mountain at the center of the island-world and may even have evoked the specific image of sacred mountains on Lake Titicaca’s Island of the Sun. In this context, the Akapana was the principal huaca of cosmogenic myth, the mountain of human origins and emergence, which took on specific mytho-historic significance.”<br /> <br /> <br /> </p> <p>The structure known as the Puma Punka also startles the imagination. It seems to be the remains of a great wharf and a massive, four-part, now collapsed building, and this makes eminent sense for Lake Titicaca long ago lapped upon the shores of Tiahuanaco city, now inland from the lake twelve miles. One of the construction blocks from which the pier was fashioned weighs an estimated 440 tons (equal to nearly 600 full-size cars) and several other blocks are between 100 and 150 tons. The quarry for these giant blocks was on the western shore of Titicaca, some ten miles away. There is no known technology in the ancient Andean world that could have transported stones of such massive weight and size. The Andean people of 500 AD, with their simple reed boats, could certainly not have moved them. Even today, with modern advances in engineering and mathematics, we could not fashion such a structure. How were these monstrous stones moved and what was their purpose? Posnansky suggested an answer, based upon his studies of the astronomical alignments of Tiahuanaco, but that answer is considered so controversial, even impossible, that it has been ignored and censured by the scientific community for fifty years. As such it hasn’t made in into the mainstream history books and therefore hardly anyone knows of the astonishing implications of Posnansky’s findings.<br /> <br /> <br /> </p> <p>Nearby the Puma Punka and the Akapana pyramid are the Kalasasaya compound and the so-called subterranean temple. It was in these structures that Posnansky made the discoveries that led him to suggest both a great antiquity for Tiahuanaco and an extraordinary use. As part of his studies, Posnansky had conducted precise surveys of all the principal structures of Tiahuanaco. The Kalasasaya structure, a rectangular enclosure measuring about 450 feet by 400 feet, was delineated by a series of vertical stone pillars (the name Kalasasaya means “the standing pillars”) and had an east-west orientation. Utilizing his measurements of the lines of sight along these stone pillars, the orientation of the Kalasasaya, and the purposely-intended deviations from the cardinal points, Posnansky was able to show that the alignment of the structure was based upon an astronomical principle called the obliquity of the ecliptic.<br /> <br /> <br /> </p> <p>This term, the obliquity of the ecliptic, refers to the angle between the plane of the earth’s orbit and that of the celestial equator, equal to approximately 23 degrees and 27 minutes at the present. The tilt of the obliquity, however, changes very slowly over great periods of time. Its cyclic variation ranges between 22 degrees, 1 minute and 24 degrees, 5 minutes over a period of 41,000 years or 1 degree in 7000 years (this cycle is not to be confused with the better known precessional cycle of 25,920 years or 1 degree of movement every 72 years). The figure that Posnansky determined for the obliquity of the ecliptic at the time of the building of the Kalasasaya was 23 degrees, 8 minutes, and 48 seconds. Based on these calculations, Posnansky was thereby able to date the initial construction of the Kalasasaya and Tiahuanaco to 15,000 BC. This date was later confirmed by a team of four leading astronomers from various prestigious universities in Germany.<br /> <br /> <br /> </p> <p>This initial construction date, being vastly older than that deemed possible by the prevailing paradigm of history, was (and still is) ridiculed by mainstream archaeologists and prehistorians. But it is not so easy to dismiss Posnansky’s findings as there are other mysteries concerning Tiahuanaco that seem to confirm the great antiquity of the site. Among these are the ancient myths of Tiahuanaco (from throughout the Andean region) that tell of its founding and use in a pre-flood time; the scientific studies that prove a cataclysmic flood did indeed occur some twelve thousand years ago; the utensils, tools, and the fragments of human skeletons that are mixed in with the deepest layers of the flood alluvia (indicating human use of the site prior to the great flood); and the strange carvings of bearded, non-Andean people that are found around the site (replete with sculptural and iconographic details that are completely unique in the western hemisphere).<br /> <br /> <br /> </p> <p>Posnansky, and other writers such as Graham Hancock, Zecharia Sitchin and Ivar Zapp, have suggested that these findings and the astronomical alignments of the site, strongly point to the likelihood that the original Tiahuanaco civilization flourished many thousands of years before the period assumed by conventional archaeologists. Rather than rising and falling during the two millennia around the time of Christ, Tiahuanaco may have existed during the vastly older time of the last Ice Age, some 15,000 to 20,000 years ago. The implications of this are truly stunning. Tiahuanaco may be (along with Teotihuacan in Mexico, Baalbeck in Lebanon, and the Great Pyramid in Egypt) a surviving fragment of a long lost civilization.<br /> <br /> <br /> </p> <p>Who were the people of this lost civilization, and where was it located? Readers interested in exploring these mysteries will enjoy Hancock’s fascinating book, Fingerprints of the Gods. In support of his radical ideas concerning the great antiquity of Tiahuanaco, Hancock gives startling proof that the coastline of South America was mapped in extraordinarily accurate detail long before that continent was “discovered” by Europeans. Maps such as Piri Reis map of 1513 and the Oronteus Finaeus map of 1531, depict the coastline of southern South America and - on the same map - accurately show the sub glacial topography of nearby Antarctica beneath its great layer of ice. (Both these maps have notes on their borders saying they were copied from much earlier sources.) Simply stated, this means that some unknown civilization had explored and precisely mapped the then ice-free continent of Antarctica thousands of years before Europeans first sighted it in 1818.<br /> <br /> <br /> </p> <p>Did these same shadowy people construct and use the enigmatic city of Tiahuanaco? And, if so, what became of them? Is it not highly significant that both ancient myths and modern day geological studies tell of great floods that swept the high Andean altiplano some twelve thousand years ago? There are parallel myths of civilization-destroying floods found in nearly all the ancient cultures of the world, from the same time period. What was the nature of these floods? What caused them? Using the calendrical mathematics of archaeoastronomy to decode the myths, we can discern specific times of comets and continent-shifting earthquakes that impacted human civilization in prehistoric times.<br /> <br /> <br /> </p> <p>Velikovsky has theorized that an enormous chunk of rock was spun off from the planet Jupiter and that it rampaged as a comet through the inner solar system, nearly colliding with the earth and causing catastrophes spoken about in numerous ancient mythologies. More recently, other scientists have suggested possible causes for the great cataclysms such as the three major periods of glacial melting inundation between 13,000 and 8000 BC, the phenomena of crustal displacement in 9600 BC, and the seven cometary impacts of 7460 BC. In a future issue of Four Corners magazine, I will examine each of these fascinating matters in more detail. As the following quote from Plato reminds us, great catastrophes have visited the earth many times in ages past and will surely do so again.<br /> <br /> </p> <blockquote> <p class="f">...with you and other peoples again and again life has only recently been enriched with letters and all the other necessaries of civilization when once more, after the usual period of years, the torrents of heaven sweep down like a pestilence leaving only the rude and unlettered among you. And so you start again like children, knowing nothing of what existed in ancient times, here or in your own country.</p> </blockquote> <p> </p><br /><p>The ruins of Tiahuanaco city and centre of worship are located on the Altiplano in today's Bolivia, ca 4000 m from water level, and 21 km north-east from Lake Titicaca. Tiahuanaco was a capital of a theocratic state governed by priest kings. The state exerted its influence on the development of the whole southern part of Peru in the closing centuries of the last millennium, expanding its influence in a peaceful manner on the vast highland as well as coastal territory.</p> <p>Tiahuanaco, therefore, carried out a pacifistic cultural mission quite different from that of its contemporary militant country of Huari (Wari) in the Peruvian Andes. The religious sources of this period are first and foremost archaeological findings, but to a great extent also the recordings of the 16th century chroniclers.</p> <p>The religion of Tiahuanaco centred around the cult of a sky and thunder god Viracocha. The deity was generally depicted as having staves in both of his hands and an aureole around his head. The aureole suggests the qualities of a sun god, represented on the bas-relief in the upper part of the famous Sun Gate in Tiahuanaco as well as on ceramic.</p> <p>The staves, on the other hand, suggest Viracocha's distant ancestry from the nearly thousand years older Chavín sky god in North Peru. His attendants were ranking deities in the shapes of cougar, condor, falcon and snake. Viracocha was worshipped as the main god in Huari as well; there his characteristics were apparently more militant. A head of Tiahuanaco state functioned both as a king and the arch-priest and he was revered as Viracocha's embodiment on earth (Kelm 1990: 524-528).</p> <p>The chronicle records describe the citizens of Tiahuanaco as «the Viracochas», who were fair-skinned and wore white long robes. Viracocha is also described as a man with fair skin and white beard, attired in a long robe and sandals, wearing a staff, with a cougar lying at his feet. He was a kind and peace-loving god who had also subjected the dreadful jaguar-god to his power.</p> <p>The idea might refer to the Tiahuanaco's peaceful mission among the distant warrior cultures of Peru. According to the legend, however, evil people in short clothes came to the sacred lake and forced Viracocha to leave to north. On his departure they mocked and taunted him for his long robe and lenient disposition. Eventually, he had descended from the highlands to the coast and left over the ocean, promising to return some day</p> <p>In 1921 one of the leading researchers of Peruvian cultures from the first part of this century José de la Riva Agüero y Osma, who had also studied the chronicle records as well as linguistic and archaeological data for nearly 25 years, published his «theory of the paleo-Quechuan empire».</p> <p>The theory focused on the hypothesis that Tiahuanaco was originally the cradle and home of the Inca Empire, and the Inca themselves the upper class of the once emigrated Tiahuanaco people. He also argued that the Quechuans, Aymarans and Araucanians had to originate from the same ancient and anthropologically close ancestral nation who spoke a language related to theirs, and was developed to a degree that could influence them, the younger peoples. Riva-Agüero's term for such ancestors was 'paleo-Quechuans' (Busto I s.a.: 186-194).</p> <p>Even today the Aymarans inhabit the surroundings of Lake Titicaca. They have preserved heritage on their ancient migration and the subjugation of the town people who were driven from the city. Also, the archaeological data supports the idea of the late arrival of the Aymarans. Riva-Agüero speculates that the paleo-Quechuans were now forced to leave among other places for the Cuzco Valley, the later settlement of the Inca.</p> <p>A chronicler informs us that the first king of the Inca Manco Capac came from Tiahuanaco (Vega 1988: 34-37). We also know that the relationship between the Quechuans and the Aymarans could be characterised by a constant feud which might have been caused by the fugitives' anger towards the invaders.</p> <p>Agüero also argues that the affinity of the Quechuan and Aymaran languages is due to the existence of a common primal language, possibly the paleo-Quechuan. The archaeological data also confirms the Aymaran immigration.</p> <p>The chullpa's, or the burial towers around Titicaca belonged supposedly to the Aymarans; still, the earliest settlers of Tiahuanaco mummified their dead similarly to the Inca, similarities could be found also between the pottery from the golden age of Tiahuanaco and that of the Inca - the ceramic ware of Aymarans is considerably different.</p> <p>The clothing of the Aymarans differed as well, being shorter than the Quechuan dress, which once again supports the legend about the departure of the long-robed Tiahuanacos.</p> <p>Montesinos, the chronicler, informs us that the priest kings of Tiahuanaco, or los amautas as they were called, fled the country trying to save the cult of their own gods (Busto I s.a.: 191). This is another evidence proving that the Inca originated from the upper class who were forced to leave Tiahuanaco by the militant Aymarans, or los piruas.</p> <p>The idea of the Inca having been militant aroused from the new circumstances.</p> <p>The Inca regarded the surroundings of Titicaca as their former home and revered Viracocha as a god who had told them to build the city of Cuzco. Later, the mythology related to Viracocha acquired an important role in the Inca religion.</p> <p>Thus, we might reason that the founders of the Tiahuanaco culture were the common ancestors of the Quechuans and Aymarans, i.e. the paleo-Quechuans. Presumably, the militant Aymarans crushed Tiahuanaco in the 10th-11th century and forced the majority of the upper class flee northward to the mountain valleys inhabited by other Quechuan kin tribes.</p> <p>The Aymarans could not destroy the powerful civilisation all at once and founded the kingdom of Colla, which in the 15th century was incorporated into the state of the same Inca who were once driven from their homeland by the Collas. Thus, the hypothesis of Riva-Agüero expanded to a theory which is acknowledged by most of the historians in Peru.</p> <p>Consequently, the Inca were the genetic and cultural successors of the Tiahuanaco people. According to the archaeological data these Quechuan emigrants arrived at their kin tribes in the Cuzco Valley at the beginning of the 12th century and founded their city-state on the spot.</p> <p>Since 1538 the Inca ruler Pachacutek Yupanqui employed the necessity of defeating the militant Chancas, subjugated other Quechuan city-states and merged them into the empire that reigned the whole of Peru, northern Chile, northern Bolivia and southern Ecuador until the invasion of Spanish conquistadors.</p> <p>The archaeological material for the religion of this period is abundant, and can be compared to the detailed accounts of the 16th-17th century Spanish chronicles (Kauffmann Doig 1991: 78).</p> <p>The highest ranking deity of the Inca was a celestial supreme being who was first known under the name Viracocha, later also as Pachacamak. Originally, Pachacamak was a sky god of the Lurín Valley in central Peru whose name was later given to the sky god of the Inca.</p> <p>The main god of the Inca state religion was the sun god Inti, who might have been a nature totem of the Quechua or a god of a certain tribe. Another significant deity in the Inca pantheon was the thunder god Illapu who was apparently distinctive from the Tiahuanaco sky god, but was named after a thunder god of the central Peruvian tribes.</p> <p>Viracocha became the culture hero of the Inca who was said to have brought culture to people, then set off to the Pacific and promised to return. (Kulmar 1999: 101-109).</p> <p>The Inca myths can be divided in two groups:</p> <ul><li>the creation myths</li><li> the origin myths</li></ul><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"><i><br /></i></span><p>The world was created by Viracocha near Lake Titicaca. After the great deluge or the receding of chaotic floodwaters Viracocha descended to earth and created plants, animals and men to the empty land; he built the city of Tiahuanaco and appointed 4 world rulers of whom Manco Capak became the superior of the Ursa Major world, i.e. the north horizon (Busto II 1981: 7).</p> <p> </p> <h3>Origin Myths</h3> <h4>Myths about the Ayar brothers</h4> <p>Four pairs of brothers-sisters created by Viracocha to rule the world left the cave of Mountain Pacaritambo. The whole world was living in an uncivilised and ignorant manner. The newcomers began with organising the mankind and divided people into ten large communities.</p> <p>Leading the tribes the brothers set off in search of enough fertile land to sustain themselves. They carried Sunturpaucar, a long staff adorned with colourful feathers, a cage with a sun-bird who could give good advice and other sacred objects in front of them.</p> <p>Making shorter and longer stops they moved towards Cuzco. In the course of the long journey the group became smaller: the rivalling brothers confined one of their companions to a cave, two others wished to break away but were turned into stones. The only surviving brother Ayar Manco a.k.a. Manco Capak accompanied by his sister and wife Mama Ocllo and his brothers' wives, founded the city of World Pole in the name of Viracocha the Creator and Inti the Sun God, and settled there with his people.</p> <h4>A myth of Manco Capak and Mama Ocllo</h4> <p>A long time ago when the world was filled with savages, misery and poverty, a brother and a sister, a married couple Manco Capak and Mama Ocllo left Lake Titicaca. Inti, the sun god had sent them to refine the surrounding peoples, and gave them a golden stick for testing the land for cultivation and then settling in the suitable place.</p> <p>Having found such a place they had to found the state, teach the people how to live proper lives and advocate the worship of the sun god. The journey took a long time. Eventually, in the Cuzco Valley the golden stick disappeared into the ground, and they could start with their mission.</p> <p>Manco Capak taught his people the cultivation and irrigation of land and handicraft, Mama Ocllo taught women spinning, weaving and sewing. The tribe of Manco Capak became to be called by the name of Hanan Cuzco (High Cuzco) and the relatives of Mama Ocllo by the name of Hurin Cuzco (Lower Cuzco).</p> <p>The city and the state was founded in the name of Viracocha and Inti the sun god, also the Sun Temple was built in Cuzco (Busto II 1981: 10-17).</p><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"><i><br /></i></span>DROUSHKAhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07119855520563971451noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3620486789052227667.post-62079195099263664052009-04-26T23:54:00.000-07:002009-04-26T23:58:18.314-07:00Baalbeck<p>Baalbeck is a city in eastern Lebanon famous chiefly for its magnificent, excellently preserved Roman temple ruins. It was a flourishing Phoenician town when<br /> the Greeks occupied it in 331 B.C. They renamed it "Heliopolis" (City of the Sun) .<br /> It became a Roman colony under the Emperor Augustus in 16 B.C..On its acropolis, over the course of the next three centuries, the Romans constructed a monumental ensemble of three temples, three coutyards, and an enclosing wall built of some of the most gigantic stones ever crafted by man. Some tourists believe that the construction can only be attributed to extra-terrestial artwork . </p> <p>At the southern entrance of Baalbeck is a quarry where the stones used in the temples were cut. A huge block, considered the largest hewn stone in the world, still sits where it was cut almost 2,000 years ago. Called the "Stone of the Pregnant Woman", it is 21.5m x 4.8m x 4.2meters in size and weighs an estimated 1,000 tons. </p> <p align="center"><img src="http://www.world-mysteries.com/mpl_5bk.jpg" width="436" border="0" height="225" /> </p> <p align="center"><i>Stone of the Pregnant Woman</i></p><h3>The Temples In History</h3> <p>For centuries the temples of Baalbeck lay under meters of rubble, obscured by medieval fortifications. But even in ruin the site attracted the admiration of visitors and its historical importance was recognized.</p> <p>The first survey and restoration work at Baalbeck was begun by the German Archaeological Mission in 1898. In 1922 French scholars undertook extensive research and restoration of the temples, work which was continued by the Lebanese Directorate General of Antiquities.</p> <p>Baalbeck's temples were built on an ancient tell that goes back at least to the end of the third millennium B.C. Little is known about the site during this period, but there is evidence that in the course of the 1rst millennium B.C. an enclosed court was built on the ancient tell. An altar was set in the center of this court in the tradition of the biblical Semitic high places.</p> <p>During the Hellenistic period (333-64 B.C.) the Greeks identified the god of Baalbeck with the sun god and the city was called Heliopolis or City of the Sun. At this time the ancient enclosed court was enlarged and a podium was erected on its western side to support a temple of classical form. Although the temple was never built, some huge construction from the Hellenistic project can still be seen. And it was over the ancient court that the Romans placed the present Great Court of the Temple of Jupiter.</p> <p> </p> <p align="center"><img src="http://www.world-mysteries.com/mpl_5c.jpg" width="424" border="0" height="280" /></p> <p align="center"><i>Aerial view of the Acropolis</i></p> <p>The temple was begun in the last quarter of the 1rst century B.C., and was nearing completion in the final years of Nero's reign (37-68 A.D.). the Great Court Complex of the temple of Jupiter, with its porticoes, exedrae, altars and basins, was built in the 2nd century A.D. Construction of the so-called temple of Bacchus was also started about this time.</p> <p>The Propylaea and the Hexagonal Court of the Jupiter temple were added in the 3rd century under the Severan Dynasty (193-235 A.D.) and work was presumably completed in the mid-3rd century. The small circular structure known as the Temple of Venus, was probably finished at this time as well.</p> <p>When Christianity was declared an official religion of the Roman Empire in 313 A.D., Byzantine Emperor Constantine officially closed the Baalbeck temples. At the end of the 4th century, the Emperor Theodosius tore down the altars of Jupiter's Great Court and built a basilica using the temple's stones and architectural elements. The remnants of the three apses of this basilica, originally oriented to the west, can still be seen in the upper part of the stairway of the Temple of Jupiter.</p> <p>After the Arab conquest in 636 the temples were transformed into a fortress, or qal'a, a term still applied to the Acropolis today.</p> <p>During the next centuries Baalbeck fell successively to the Omayyad, Abbasid, Toulounid, Fatimid and Ayyoubid dynasties. Sacked by the Mongols about 1260, Baalbeck later enjoyed a period of calm and prosperity under Mamluke rule.</p> <p>The temple complex of Baalbeck is made up of the Jupiter Temple and the Bacchus Temple adjacent to it. A short distance away is the circular structure known as the Temple of Venus. Only part of the staircase remains of a fourth temple dedicated to Mercury, on Kheikh Abdallah hill.</p> <h3>Temple of Jupiter</h3> <p>The first view the visitor has of Baalbeck is the six Corinthian columns of the Great Temple (or "Jupiter Temple") thrusting 22 meters into the skyline. Built on a podium seven meters above the Court, these six columns and the entablature on top give an idea of the vast scale of the original structure.</p> <p>The complex of the Great Temple has four sections: the monumental entrance or Propylaea, the Hexagonal Court, the Great Court and finally the Temple itself, where the six famous columns stand.</p> <p>The Temple of Jupiter is one of the most impressive Temples in Baalbeck.<br /> It measures 88x48 meters and stands on a podium 13 meters above the surrounding terrain and 7 meters above the courtyard. It is reached by a monumental stairway.</p> <p>Originally surrounded by 54 external columns, most of these now lie in fragments on the ground. The six standing columns are joined by an entablature decorated with a frieze of bulls and lions' heads connected by garlands.</p> <p>The Podium is built with some of the largest stone blocks ever hewn. On the west side of the podium is the "Trilithon", a celebrated group of three enormous stones weighing about 800 tons each.</p> <p align="center"><img src="http://www.world-mysteries.com/mpl_5g.jpg" width="286" height="248" /></p> <p align="center"><img src="http://www.world-mysteries.com/mpl_5d.gif" width="286" border="0" height="274" /></p> <p align="center"><i> The Trylithon</i></p> <p align="left">It was decided to furnish the temple with a monumental extension of the podium which, according to Phoenician tradition, had to consist of no more than three layers of stone. The fact remains that this decision initiated the cutting, transporting and lifting of the largest and heaviest stones of all times. Not only had a wall of 13 meters in height to be composed of three ranges of stones, but in the interest of appearance the middle blocks were made of a length four times their height. Adding to this a depth equal to the height of the stones, they had to be of a volume of up to 400 cubic meters per block, corresponding to a weight of almost 1000 tons. Technically, the builders of Baalbeck proved that they could do it, since three such blocks of the middle layer are in place, but in terms of time they did not succeed - the podium remained incomplete. Nevertheless, so awe-inspiring were those blocks to all beholders ever after, that Baalbeck was known for a long time primarily as the site of the three stones, the trilithon.</p><h4 align="left">Unfinished Obelisk</h4> <table width="100%" border="0"> <tbody><tr> <td width="50%"> <p class="q" align="right">Location: Aswan Egypt<br /> Height: 41.75 meters<br /> Weight: 1185 tons<br /> Base: 4.2 meters<br /> Red granite</p></td> <td width="50%"><img src="http://www.world-mysteries.com/mpl_5obl2.jpg" width="226" border="0" height="146" /></td> </tr> </tbody></table> <p align="left"> </p> <p align="left">This 3000 years old obelisk in the Aswan quarry shows us an amazing feat of technology and archaeologists have learned much about the techniques of stone-cutting from examining this abandoned monument and from the tools which have been left behind (it developed a flaw during quarrying and was never completed, left to lie still attached to the living rock.)</p> <p align="left">If it had been extracted and erected as originally conceived, the Unfinished Obelisk would have stood 41.75 m (137 feet) tall and weighed 1,185 tons, dwarfing all others (the largest survivor, the Lateran obelisk in Rome, rises 105 feet and weighs "only" 455 tons.)</p><p class="f" align="center"><img src="http://www.world-mysteries.com/mpl_5obelisk.jpg" width="436" height="296" /></p> Unfinished Obelisk. The granite quarries of ancient Aswan lay beside the Nile, thus providing easy access to boats for transporting this prized building stone to sites downstream. A crack in the granite stopped the cutting of what would have been an enormous obelisk (estimated at more than 40 meters high). Now the abandoned partially carved obelisk gives us information about how ancient stonecutters worked.<i><br /></i><p align="left"> </p>DROUSHKAhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07119855520563971451noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3620486789052227667.post-60519294386857220572009-04-23T00:34:00.001-07:002009-04-23T00:34:48.395-07:00The Pyramid of Sipan - The Treasure<p align="left">At midnight, on February 25th, 1987, <b>Dr. Walter Alva</b>, Director of the <b>Bruning Museum</b>, in Peru, was awakened by a phone call. On the other end of the line was the Peruvian Investigative Police (PIP) from the city of Chiclayo. The chief of police wanted Alva to come and examine a sack full of what they believed to be artifacts stolen from a local archaeological site: the smallest of an eroded and ancient set of three pyramids called Huaca Rajada. </p><p align="left">Alva, sick with bronchitis for three days, was at first reluctant to make the drive to the station. The Police often detained suspected antiquities thieves, or <i>huaqueros</i> as they were called, with little reason. Undoubtedly, Alva thought, the items the police had seized were of minor importance and not worth a midnight ride. Still, the chief was insistent and Alva finally agreed to go. </p><p align="left">By the time he arrived at the PIP station the archaeologist was sure the whole thing was a hoax. The police had been told that the artifacts came from an ancient tomb of a mysterious people known as the Moche that lived on was is now the north coast of Peru between 100 BC and 700 AD. Alva knew that the Huaca Rajada pyramids were of Chimu origin. The Chimu civilizaion came after the Moche. </p><p align="left"> The police chief handed Alva a package which he opened. The archaeologist was shocked. He had expected a piece of pottery. Inside was a human mask made of hammered gold. The eyes were of silver and had pupils made of rare cobalt blue stones. Even more surprising than the object itself was its origin. The style was definitely Moche. Alva and many other archaeologists had been wrong about the pyramids. </p><p align="left"><img src="http://www.unmuseum.org/mochmask.gif" width="400" align="left" height="300" />The raiding of the site at Huaca Rajada had started several weeks before. A local 36 year-old <i>huaqueros</i> named Ernil Bernal had led a small group of looters to the pyramids. Jobs in the village of Sipan, near the pyramids were scarce and the poverty oppressive. For generations the huaqueros had been looting archaeological locations hoping to find a few gold beads or rare ceramics to sell. That night at Huaca Rajada Ernil and his crew hit the jackpot. </p><p align="left">They had tunneled into the pyramid for some distance, but not found anything of value. Then Ernil noticed that the tunnel roof looked strange, as if it had been patched. Taking a long rod he jammed it into the patch to find out what was behind it. Unexpectedly the ceiling collapsed and Ernil was buried in a cave-in. When his brother came to his rescue he found Ernil up to his neck in material from a hidden chamber above: the looter was covered with a king's ransom of gold, silver and precious stones. They had found the crypt of an ancient Moche Lord. </p><p align="left">The raiders packed up the treasure-trove in sacks. Before they even left the tunnels, though, the thieves turned against each other and one was shot dead. Another, deprived of his share of the loot, ran to the police. Several days later the police raided Ernil's house finding the death mask and several other smaller items. Most of the treasure was already on its way through the underground market to illegal private collections and museums in the United States and around the world. It was the leftovers found at the house that had been shown to Dr. Alva. </p><p align="left">The police drove Dr. Alva out to Huaca Rajada. The pyramids were now swarming with <i>huaqueros</i> drawn by the stories of treasure. It took bursts of automatic gunfire in the air to scare them off. </p><p align="left"><img src="http://www.unmuseum.org/sipanmap.gif" width="240" align="right" height="320" />Dr. Alva now had a choice to make. Common sense argued that he should just fill up the tunnels and hope no more damage would be done to the pyramid until a full excavation could be organized and funded someday in some distant future. Or, Alva could start excavation immediately. If he made the second choice he would have to proceed with no money, little police support and no official permission. </p><p align="left">The archaeologist knew the pyramid might contain more Moche burial chambers. If it did they were probably filled with artifacts that would finally unlock the mystery of the ancient Moche people. If the looters came back and raided the tombs, the secrets only a careful scientific excavation would yield would be gone forever. Alva decided to start digging. </p><p align="left">Tensions were high at Huaca Rajada when the excavation began. The original looter, Ernil Bernal, had been killed in a confrontation with police. The villagers from Sipan grew increasingly hostile toward Alva. Many of them viewed the artifacts as an inheritance from their ancestors that belonged to them, not the archaeologist or his museum. </p><p align="left">Alva managed to get some money together and hire a few of the villagers to help in the excavation, but the police could only spare two men to stand guard. The archaeologist proceeded carefully with the dig, slowly peeling off layer after layer of brick, soil and sand. Then they found a body. From the trappings buried with the man, he appeared to be a Moche warrior. Alva wondered if he had been interned there to "guard" something further down. </p><p align="left">After removing the body they continued digging and soon came to the rotting roof of what had been a chamber. Sand and soil sifting through the ceiling had long ago filled the room. Alva's crew dug slowly through the chamber until they found a box with copper straps: a lord's coffin. They had found a royal Moche tomb that had never been opened. </p><p align="left">The coffin contained the body of a Moche Lord <i>(depicted in Moche art, left)</i> along with his burial treasures which included a one-pound crescent-shaped headdress of hammered gold, a gold death mask, and a necklace composed of sixteen gold discs. The find was of incalculable importance. </p><p align="left"><img src="http://www.unmuseum.org/mochdraw.gif" width="350" align="left" height="320" />Outside the site, which now looked like a armed camp, the villagers gathered and shouted that they wanted their "ancestor's inheritance." The police, in fear, launched tear gas. Tension mounted even more. No help was coming and it seemed as if Alva's men could hold out only one more night before those gathered around the pyramid would overrun it, assaulting the digging crew, and plundering the royal tomb. </p><p align="left">The next morning Dr. Alva went to the edge of the dig and confronted one of the leaders of those gathered outside, a man named Alberto Jaime. He told Jaime that his "inheritance" was waiting on the top of the pyramid and he should go and get it before anybody stole it from him. Then Alva clipped the barb wire fence around the dig, grabbed Jaime by the collar and dragged him to the excavated tomb. In astonishment the rest of the villagers followed. Alva thrust a shovel into Jaime's hands and dared him to steal from his ancestors and sack "his father's sacred tomb." Jaime, speechless, did nothing. </p><p align="left">Dr. Alva then turned to the villagers and told them that once a great King of the Moche civilization had made his headquarters in their village. When the king died his people dressed him in gold. "Nothing less was good enough for the exalted Lord of Sipan," Alva explained. </p><p align="left">The villagers suddenly saw the tomb not as a vault of gold, but the shrine of an esteemed ancestor. From that point on the tomb was secure. Not just a few archaeologists experienced the wonder of the discovery, but thousands of visitors made the pilgrimage to see the "magic" of the Moche Lord who had been entombed in a golden uniform. </p><p align="left">Before the excavation of Huaca Rajada was over, the tomb of another Lord of Sipan, and a tomb of a High Priest were discovered in the pyramid. Much was learned about these mysterious ancient people who were capable of creating beautiful ceramic and gold artwork, but also were capable of harsh, ritualized violence. Much of the artwork found depicted the Moche human sacrifice ceremony. </p><p align="left">The pyramid is now a tourist attraction that has boosted the economy of Sipan. As for Alberto Jaime, the leader of the mob that almost plundered the tomb, he now works as a tour guide. </p>DROUSHKAhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07119855520563971451noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3620486789052227667.post-59270379219349453362009-04-22T23:58:00.000-07:002009-04-23T00:16:08.863-07:00The Treasure OF Troy<img src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/Admin/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/moz-screenshot.jpg" alt="" /><img src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/Admin/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/moz-screenshot-2.jpg" alt="" /><p align="left">At f<img src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/Admin/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/moz-screenshot-1.jpg" alt="" />ourteen Schliemann was apprenticed to a local grocer. When he hurt his back and could no longer lift heavy weights, he moved to Hamburg. Unable to hold a job there because of his injury, he signed on as a cabin boy on a ship. The ship went down during a bad storm off the coast of Holland. Finding his way to Amsterdam he got a poorly-paying job. </p><p align="left">Schliemann might have stayed in that position for life if he hadn't discovered his knack of learning languages. He taught himself English, Dutch and French. Later he learned Spanish, Portuguese, and Italian. The knowledge of these languages enabled him to find a good position in an import/export firm. He learned Russian and moved to the company's branch office in St. Petersburg in 1846. While there he increased this employer's business while making a small fortune for himself trading in indigo dye. </p><p align="left">Now on his way to success ,Schliemann wrote to a friend in Germany and had him pass on a marriage proposal to his childhood sweetheart. He was broken-hearted upon learning she had married someone else a month earlier. </p><div align="left"> <table width="170" align="right" bg border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="4" style="color:#000000;"> <tbody><tr> <td> <p align="center"><span style="font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;font-size:100%;"><img src="http://www.unmuseum.org/troysch.jpg" width="160" align="top" height="282" /></span></p> <p align="center"><span style="font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;font-size:100%;">Heinrich Schliemann.</span></p> </td> </tr> </tbody></table> </div> <p align="left">Schliemann (<i>right</i>) traveled to California to inherit a fortune made by his brother in the 1849 gold rush. When he arrived there he discovered the money was gone, but Schliemann managed to double his own funds through the gold dust trade. Schliemann became a naturalized U.S. citizen, but returned to Russian in 1852. He married there, but it didn't work out. </p><p align="left">Business was still good, though, and in 1863, at age forty-one, Schliemann retired a millionaire. This permitted him to travel, and he visited the island of Ithaca and Mycenae, the homes of Odysseus and Agamemnon, two of the kings who had fought in the Trojan war. Then he crossed the sea to Turkey to look for the city of Troy itself. </p><p align="left">Most historians and archaeologists of the time believed that there never had been a real city of Troy. Of the few that did, most pointed to a hill named <i>Bunarbashi</i> located a few miles inland from the Aegean sea as the location. </p><p align="left">Schliemann visited Bunarbashi, but it did not seem right to him. The Iliad mentioned that Mount Ida was visible from the walls of Troy. From Bunarbashi the mountain could not be seen. The Iliad also mentioned that the Greek warrior Achilles chased the Trojan Hector around the walls of the city three times. Bunarbashi had a steep drop on one side that made that impossible. The distance from the sea also seemed wrong. It was eight miles where Schliemann approximated from the text that it should not be more than four. </p><p align="left">Using geographic clues from his copy of the Iliad, Schliemann discovered another hill near the village of Hissarlik that seemed to fit the bill. The distance from the sea was right, Mount Ida was visible, and the ground around the outcropping was flat so someone could run around the walls. Schliemann did some checking and found that a couple of other people had come to the same conclusion. In 1822 Charles Maclaren of Scotland published a book claiming Hissarlik as Troy. Frank Calvert, an Englishman living in Turkey, also believed the same thing. Calvert had acquired about half of the hill. </p><p align="left">The German was excited, but before he started digging he went to Paris for two years to study archaeology, write a book on Troy and got his Ph.D. from Rostock University in Germany. Before setting out on his dig, Schliemann decided to divorce his current wife and marry another. He wrote to a friend in Greece asking him to locate him a Greek wife. Schliemann wrote that she needed to be young, an orphan, and most importantly a fan of Homer and the Iliad. The friend found seventeen-year-old Sophia Engastromenos. When they met, Schiemann quizzed her on her Homer and she passed. The two were married in Athens. Schiemann had found his own Helen. </p><p align="left">A firman, or agreement, was obtained from the Turkish government that would allow Schliemann to dig at Hissarlik. The agreement stated that any treasure found must be divided with the government. Excavations started in 1871 with seventy local workers. Schliemann sunk shafts and trenches into the hillside. What he discovered was not the ruin of a city, but the remains of eleven cities, each one built on the ruins of the earlier settlements. </p><div align="left"> <table width="270" align="right" bgcolor="#000000" border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="4"> <tbody><tr> <td> <p align="center"><img src="http://www.unmuseum.org/troydig.jpg" width="268" align="top" height="189" /></p> <p style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);" align="center"><span style="font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The dig at Hissarlik.</span></p> </td> </tr> </tbody></table> </div> <p align="left">The bottom-most city, which is referred to as Tory I, Schliemann thought must have been destroyed by an earthquake because of the cracks in the foundations. Since the Greeks had destroyed the city with fire according to Homer, this could not be the remains of the city mentioned in the Iliad. Troy II, the next layer up, had been burned. Schliemann decided that this must be the Troy of Homer's tale. The next season he hired 160 men to dig down to this layer of the hill. Scientific archaeology had not really come of age yet and unfortunately this work destroyed much of the later history of the city (<i>right</i>). </p><p align="left">The main objective of Schliemann's work was to find what he called "Priam's treasure." According to Homer, Priam ruled the city of Troy during the war. Schliemann felt sure that the King must have hidden his treasure somewhere in the city to avoid its capture by the Greeks should they win the battle. </p><p align="left">In May or June of 1873, Schliemann and Sophia were out at the site watching the digging when Schliemann's eye caught site of a glint of copper coming from the side of one of the shafts. Climbing down, he realized he was looking at a copper jug embedded in the wall. There was a hole in the jug and he could see gold inside. Telling his wife to send the workers on a break, Schliemann used his knife to dig in the wall and free the jug. Sophia soon joined him and they both shared in the discovery. </p><p align="left">"While the men were resting and eating," he later wrote, "I cut out the Treasure with a large knife. This required great exertion and involved great risk, since the wall of the fortification beneath which I had to dig threatened every moment to fall on me. But the sight of so many objects, every one of which is of inestimable value to archaeology, made me reckless. I never thought of any danger." </p><div align="left"> <table width="170" align="left" bgcolor="#000000" border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="4"> <tbody><tr> <td> <p align="center"><img src="http://www.unmuseum.org/troydia.jpg" width="160" align="top" height="282" /></p> <p style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);" align="center"><span style="font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The golden earrings and necklaces fournd in Troy worn by Sophia Schliemann.</span></p> </td> </tr> </tbody></table> </div> <p align="left">The treasure included golden earrings, necklaces, pots of silver and gold and other items. The most impressive of these were two gold diadems that might have been worn by a queen or princess. The treasure was smuggled back to Schliemann's home and then out of the country. </p><p align="left">The Turkish government was not amused and sued Schliemann. They won a $5,000 judgment. Schliemann at first refused to pay, but then relented and gave the Turkish government five times the actual value of the fine. The Turks decided to allow Schliemann to again dig at Troy, but this time they would watch him like a hawk. </p><p align="left">Schliemann decided to start another dig at Mycenae in Greece which had been the home of Agamemnon, leader of the Greeks that had attacked Troy. The city had lay in ruins since 468 B.C.. Unlike Troy, the location was well-known. Schliemann cleared the gate of the city and then started digging within a strange circle of stones inside the entrance. He found 19 graves and a treasure of grave goods worth more than the cache at Troy. One of them was a golden death mask (<i>see top of page</i>). Thinking he had found the grave of the king Schliemann said, "I have gazed on the face of Agamemnon!" </p><p align="left">Despite all his luck at finding treasure, Schliemann was consistently wrong on his facts. Later archaeologists would date the treasure at Mycenae as being two hundred years before the time of Agamemnon and the treasure of Troy over a thousand years before Homer's Trojan War. In 1878 Schliemann returned to Troy and discovered two additional small treasure troves. In 1879 he took on an assistant, <b>Wilhelm Dorpfeld</b>. Dorpfeld would continue the work on Troy after Schliemann died, deciding that Troy VI was really the city of Homer's poem. </p><p align="left">Dorpfeld would later change his mind when Carl Blegan examined the site in 1932. Blegan unearthed convincing evidence that Troy VII-a was the Homeric city. Dorpfeld, in his eighties by that time, came to agree with him. </p><p align="left">In 1880 Schliemann, who was growing old by then, decided he needed to find a permanent home for the Treasure of Troy. He donated it to a museum in Berlin, Germany. It disappeared during WWII seized by Russian soldiers, and now resides in the Pushkin Museum in Russia. </p><p align="left">Yes, Schliemann was very lucky. Recently some historians are asking if perhaps he was <i>too</i> lucky. Several incidents Schliemann wrote about in his life have turned out to be fabrications. This has made some archaeologists wonder if some of the treasure he found were actually modern forgeries planted to enhance his own reputation. Even the wonderful, but incorrectly named, "Mask of Agamemnon" has come under scrutiny. Did Schliemann fake it? Or at least alter it to appear more dramatic? For the time being the nobody has proved these things a fake and despite some falsehoods in his writings his claim that he found the city of Troy still stands. </p><p align="left">As for Troy itself, many archaeological mysteries remain. Studies show that the people who built the first Troy were not the same people who later lived there during the Trojan War. Who were these early people and what became of them? Homer's poem suggests that the war was over the kidnaping of a Greek king's wife. It's hard to believe that the Greeks fought a ten-year war over one woman. What was the real reason for the hostilities? Legend has it that Troy fell when the Greeks built a wooden horse, filled it with soldiers and the unsuspecting Trojan's rolled it into the city. Is this true? </p><p align="left">These questions remain as challenges to future archaeologists that would dig for treasures at the ancient city of Troy. </p>DROUSHKAhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07119855520563971451noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3620486789052227667.post-46721123815486818672009-04-22T23:56:00.000-07:002009-04-22T23:58:36.302-07:00The Copper Scroll<p align="left">It was in 1947 that a Bedouin shepherd made an astounding discovery in a small cave in the hills above the Dead Sea. He found hidden there the first of eight-hundred ancient manuscripts that date back at least to 70 A.D. These works, christened the Dead Sea Scrolls, offered biblical scholars a window to the religious thinking of that critical period. A time when Christianity was just forming and rabbinic Judaism was undergoing radical changes. An intellectual treasure, indeed. </p><p align="left">Between 1952 and 1956 archaeologists searched the caves in the vicinity of Wadi Qumran (where the first documents were found) looking for other manuscripts. Fragments of scrolls were found in eleven caves. Some of the document pieces were as small as a thumbnail, other manuscripts almost undamaged. Many were written on paper or leather. Most were inspirational in nature. </p><p align="left">The scroll labeled 3Q15, though, was an anomaly. It was unlike its companion manuscripts in almost every way. It was written in a different form of Hebrew than the rest. It was not made of leather or papyrus, but a sheet of almost pure copper. It was found alone in the back of a cave. The contents were not literary or doctrinal in nature. It was simply a list with 64 entries that described where to find a unique and fabulous treasure of incalculable value. Not an intellectual treasure, but one composed of gold and silver. </p><p align="left"><i><b>Item Seven: In the cavity of the Old House of Tribute, in the Chain Platform: sixty-five bars of gold. </b></i> </p><p align="left"><img src="http://www.unmuseum.org/cutscrol.jpg" width="280" align="left" height="210" />The copper scroll was discovered in 1952 by an expedition sponsored by the Jordan Department of Antiquities. When found ,it was in two parts. Apparently when the scroll was being rolled up, the thin copper sheet snapped into two sections. After almost two-thousand years in the cave, the document was so badly oxidized that it would crumble if anyone attempted to open it. Even while it was still wound up, though, it became apparent to scholars studying what little text could be seen that the scroll was a list of treasure. Despite great enthusiasm to unwind the document and examine the contents, no method could be found that would preserve the manuscript from harm. Finally, after four years of debate, it was decided to send the scroll to Manchester College of Technology in England and have it opened by using a saw to cut it into sections (<i>above-left</i>). </p><p align="left">All of the Dead Sea Scrolls were assigned to be translated and published by a scholarly editing team. Each member of the team could choose to take as much time as they wished to produce a translation of the scrolls. Until they published no outside scholar could examine the original texts. The scholar assigned to the copper scroll was a man named J. T. Milik. However, another member of the editing team, John Allegro, was very excited by the document and went to England to be present when the manuscript was cut open. </p><p align="left">The rest of the editing team did not share Allegro's excitement abouty the scroll. Supporters of Allegro say that Milik purposely withheld his translation for years longer that necessary to make it difficult for Allegro to issue his own. In any case, Allegro published his own translation in 1960, two years before the official one from Milik (though after a preliminary translation by Milik). Needless to say this caused a tremendous controversy. </p><p align="left"> <i><b>Item 12: In the court of [unreadable], nine cubits under the southern corner: gold and silver vessels for tithe, sprinkling basins, cups, sacrificial bowls, libations vessels; in all, six hundred and nine. </b></i> </p><p align="left">It was Milik's opinion that the treasure in the list was only imaginary. There was a tradition of stories in Jewish folklore that describe how treasures from the first temple were hidden. Those objects sometimes included the Ark, the incense alter and Menorah. They were often hidden by a famous biblical figure like Jeremiah. It was Milik's contention that the copper scroll was just another of these stories. </p><p align="left">Allegro was of just the opposite belief and with good reason. The treasure stories from the first temple period were works of literature. The copper scroll had all the literary value of a tax return. It had no preamble. No story. No famous figure hiding legendary relics. It was simply a list of 64 locations and an accounting of objects hidden in each place. As scroll expert Dr. P. Kyle McCarter Jr. once put it, "...it is extremely difficult to imagine that anyone would have gone to the trouble to prepare a costly sheet of pure copper and imprint it with an extensive and sober list of locations unless he had been entrusted with hiding a real and immensely valuable treasure and wanted to make a record of this work that could withstand the ravages of time." </p><p align="left"><i><b>Item 14: In the pit which is to the north of Esplanade tithe vessels and garments. Its entrance is under the western corner. </b></i> </p><p align="left">If the scroll does list a real treasure, to whom did the treasure belong? Ruins at Qumran are thought to be the remains of a sect of Jews known as the Essenes. Most of the Dead Sea Scrolls found near Qumran are believed to be from their library at Qumran. The texts were probably hidden in preparation for an attack by Roman soldiers who were systematically putting down a rebellion in the land. </p><p align="left">Did the treasure belong to the Essenes at Qumran? Probably not. The treasure is much too big to have been accumulated by such a small community. By Milik's count, some 4,630 talents of gold and silver are listed on the scroll. Though nobody is exactly sure how much a talent was at the time the scroll was written, the figure lies somewhere between twenty-five to seventy-five pounds. This would mean the treasure could consist of between 58 and 174 tons of precious metal. </p><p align="left">There was probably only one organization in Israel at the time that could command anywhere near that amount of money: the temple at Jerusalem itself. But why would the instructions to find a treasure from Jerusalem be found many miles away at Qumran? </p><p align="left"><img src="http://www.unmuseum.org/scrolmap.gif" width="280" align="right" height="280" />One suggestion made by researcher Manfred Lehmann is that the treasure consisted of funds accumulated throughout Israel from about 70 to 130 A.D. This was a time between two major revolts in Israel against the Romans. During this period taxes and tithes were still being collected to support the temple, but the temple had been destroyed. Since the collectors could not deliver the treasure, they buried it. Some of the evidence suggests that the scroll was placed in the cave around 70 A.D. If this was the case, the period where the treasure was gathered might have been earlier. Perhaps 25 to 75 A.D.. If this was so, the treasure might been already at the temple, but dispersed and buried with the expectation that the Romans would attack the city to put down the revolt. Something they did in 70 A.D.. </p><p align="left"><i><b>Item 32: In the cave that is next to [unreadable] belonging to the House of Hakkoz, dig six cubits. There are six bars of gold. </b></i> </p><p align="left">The fact that some of the treasure was buried on the property of the House of Hakkoz is significant. Hakkoz was a priestly family who traced their lineage back to the time of King David. Later biblical references indicate that they were disqualified from priestly duties because of a problem with their genealogy. The family was probably assigned another important role in the temple. Some biblical references suggest they were the treasurers in the temple. If so, then the fact that some of the copper scroll treasure was buried on Hakkoz land provides a definite link between it and the temple. </p><p align="left">Some argue that the amount of treasure involved is too large even to be the temple treasury. This was one of the facts cited by Milik to support his idea that the treasure is imaginary. It is likely, though, that the amounts reported in the copper scroll are somehow encoded and may not represent the actual values. Allegro noted that monetary values often varied depending on the region and that the "talent" mentioned on the scroll might be the equivalent of a smaller unit known as a "maneh." Such a reduction would yield a more reasonable, but still large, hoard of treasure. </p><p align="left"><i><b>Item 37: In the stubble field of the Shaveh, facing southwest, in an underground passage looking north, buried at twenty-four cubits: 67 talents. </b></i> </p><p align="left">After finishing his initial translation and sending it back to the authorities in Jordan, Allegro was surprised to see an official press release stating that the treasure mentioned in the copper scroll was without a doubt completely imaginary. He theorized that the official statement had been crafted to avoid setting off a treasure hunt throughout the region that might have destroyed important archaeological sites. </p><p align="left">If that was the purpose of the release, it didn't work on Allegro. He soon gathered some help and in late 1959, to the chagrin of his colleagues, set out to find the treasure. </p><p align="left"> Allegro knew it would be extremely difficult to pinpoint the locations mentioned on the scroll. In the course of almost two-thousand years, the names of places often changed. Old names might now be attached to new locations. Others had disappeared completely. Still, he had some ideas about where to look for some of the items, and he followed up on his hunches. </p><p align="left">The first item on the scroll had read: </p><p align="left"><i><b>Item 1: In the fortress which is in the Vale of Achor, forty cubits under the steps entering to the east: a money chest and its contents, of a weight of seventeen talents.</b></i> </p><p align="left">Allegro was certain that the Vale of Achor (which means "Trouble") was a plain near Qumran. There was only one major fortress there, a defense post on top of a cone-shaped hill. In ancient days it had been known as Hyrcania. Now it was called Khirber Mird. This led Allegro's group to a vaulted underground room in the fortress some forty-feet long, sixteen-feet wide and twenty-five feet high. Unfortunately they had no way of knowing where the original eastern entrance lay, so they were unable to guess at the location of the chest, if it was still there. </p><p align="left">The group held out hope that they might be able to locate the next item on the list which Allegro thought was probably also somewhere in Khirber Mird. </p><p align="left"><i><b>Item 2: In the sepulchral monument, in the third course of stones: 100 bars of gold. </b></i> </p><p align="left">On the southwest edge of the fortress was a mound of rubble on top of a small hill. Allegro thought that this might be the monument. Unfortunately, the metal detector they had with them was affected by the natural magnetism of the rock and they couldn't get a reading on any metal in the monument. Fortunately they decided against tearing down the whole monument to look for treasure that might not be there. Allegro's group visited other locations, but was unable to find any of the treasure and eventually gave up the search. </p><div align="left"> <table width="290" align="left" bg border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="4" style="color:#663333;"> <tbody><tr> <td> <p align="center"><span style="color:#ffffff;"><img src="http://www.unmuseum.org/juglet.jpg" width="280" align="top" height="280" /></span></p> <p align="center"><span style="font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;color:#ffffff;">A small earthen vessel found in a cave near Qumran. Part of the treasure? </span></p> </td> </tr> </tbody></table> </div> <p align="left">In 1964 another man became intrigued with the copper scroll. Vendyl Jones, a former Baptist minister from Texas turned archaeologist, started looking for some of the items mentioned on the scroll. More than twenty years later, in 1988, his excavation team found a small earthen vessel in a cave near Qumran <i>(left - <small>copyright VJRI, photographer Yosi Cohen</small>).</i> The jug was filled with a dark liquid substance. Analysis of the material showed that it was a sweet-smelling oil probably used in the temple to cover sacrifices. Jones believes that this jug and its sacred contents was one of the items listed in the copper scroll. </p><p align="left">Will the other locations mentioned on the list be found and the treasure recovered? One of the most intriguing ideas about the treasure is inspired by the last entry on the list. </p><p align="left"><i><b>Item 64: In a pit adjoining on the north, in a hole opening northward, and buried at its mouth: a copy of this document, with an explanation and their measurements, and an inventory of each and every thing. </b></i> </p><p align="left">This entry seems to imply that there is another copy of the scroll with more complete information. In fact, some have suggested that neither the original copper scroll, or that one mentioned in entry 64 are sufficient by themselves to locate all the treasure. Only someone with both can hope to recover the treasure. </p><p align="left">If this is the case, does the duplicate scroll await a finder? Is it still buried in its hole? Or perhaps it is hidden underneath the floor boards of an antique dealer's home awaiting a buyer to offer the owner the right price. Or perhaps it has been destroyed forever, closing the chapter on this mysterious treasure of the copper scroll. </p>DROUSHKAhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07119855520563971451noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3620486789052227667.post-54839810141225613972009-04-22T23:55:00.000-07:002009-04-22T23:56:29.683-07:00Lost Nazi gold<p align="left">Deep in the Austrian Alps early one morning in 1945, Ida Weisenbacher answered a knock at her door. The 21-year-old Austrian farm girl found herself confronted with a Nazi officer.</p> <p align="left"> "Get up immediately," he told her. "Hitch up the horse wagon. We need you." </p> <p align="left">Weisenbacher did as she was told and pulled the family wagon up next to a military vehicle. Soldiers then loaded heavy boxes onto the wagon. Each was marked with a series of letters and numbers that gave no hint as to the contents. When the wagon was loaded the officer told the girl to drive it to nearby Lake Toplitz. Once she was given the destination the need for the wagon became obvious: The road did not go all the way to the lake. Only the horse-drawn wagon could take the cargo over the final distance. </p> <p align="left">It took three trips to transport the whole load to the lake. On the final run Weisenbacher saw that the soldiers were out on the lake and that the boxes were being dropped into the water. They quickly sunk out of sight. Weisenbacher wondered what the boxes contained that they had to be sunk to the bottom of that deep, dark, cold place. What secrets did they possess? </p> <p align="left"><b>"The Largest Robbery in History" </b></p> <p align="left">During World War II German troops invaded numerous countries across Europe. As they did so they looted the bank reserves of those countries and took the gold back to Germany. Victims of the holocaust were also stripped of any valuables they had, including gold jewelry. The gold from these sources was then melted down and cast into bars with the mark of the German central bank, the Reichsbank, imprinted on them. Much of this loot was used to pay for the war effort, but a large portion was still intact and in Nazi hands as the end of the war neared. </p> <p align="left">In February of 1945 the President of the Reichsbank ordered that the majority of the gold reserves be sent to the village of Merkers some 200 miles south of Berlin. There it was concealed deep underground in a potassium mine. The mine was also used to store many art treasures, some belonging to German museums, others looted from conquered nations. </p> <p align="left">In April Merkers was captured by the U.S. Third Army commanded by Lieutenant General George Patton. French civilians who had worked at the mine told the American military what was hidden there and the hoard was soon in American hands. A tally of the treasure showed that there were 8,198 bars of gold bullion in the mine along with gold coins, silver bars, and paper money. The total value (in 1945 dollars) was estimated to be over $520 million . This constituted the bulk of the Nazi loot, but not all of it. Some of the gold and other valuables had been left in Berlin. </p> <p align="left">By April of 1945 the Allies were closing in on the German capital and Nazi officials decided to move the remaining contents of the Reichsbank to Oberbayern in southern Bavaria. There, in the mountains, the Nazis hoped to hold out and try to regroup. At least nine tons of gold were sent to Oberbayern along with bags of foreign currency and coins. This treasure, including 730 gold bars, was thought to be hidden around Lake Walchensee. After the end of the war U.S. soldiers were able to find and account for $11 million of that final hoard. Over $3 million was never found, however. Some small portion of it might have been smuggled out of the country by escaping Nazi officials, but what happened to the rest of the missing gold? </p> <p align="left">The disappearance of this treasure was listed by the Guinness Book of World Records as "the largest robbery in the history of the world." </p> <p align="left"><b>Lake Toplitz </b></p> <p align="left">Lake Toplitz is one mile long and lies between steep limestone cliffs in the Salzkammergut region in Austria. It is a beautiful, but remote place. The water is over 300 feet deep and oxygenless. Without oxygen nothing can live in the lake except some specialized bacteria and one specie of worm. With its dark, deep recesses and isolated location, the lake seems the perfect place to hide something.</p> <p align="left"> Were those boxes seen by Ida Weisenbacher filled with some of the missing gold? A lot of people thought they might be. In 1959 the German magazine<i> Stern</i> sent divers to the lake to investigate. What they found was not gold, but crates of counterfeit British pounds, secret documents and a printing press.</p> <p align="left"><b>Operation Bernhard</b></p> <p align="left"> It was learned what that had found was remnants of a secret German project called <i>Bernhard</i>. The idea for the operation had come from Adolph Hitler himself. Skilled printers were recruited from concentration camps and given the best printing and graphic equipment available. Their assignment was to counterfeit enemy currency. It would be used to pay for the war effort and at the same time weaken the enemies' economies.</p> <p align="left">It is estimated that the equivalent of $4.5 billion was forged in operation Bernhard. Most of the false money were British pounds. The operation was so successful that at the end of the war the Bank of England recalled and redesigned all it's currency. The American dollar was also a target, but the war ended before any significant amount of United States currency could be made.</p> <p align="left">When operation Bernhard was moved out of Berlin, the S.S. apparently chose to hide the evidence at the bottom of Lake Toplitz. Was anything else also hidden down there?</p> <p align="left">In 1963 a German sport diver was hired to find out. Unfortunately he died in the attempt. The Austrian government responded by making it illegal to dive in the lake for the purpose of hunting treasure. They also started a search of their own. The operation located eighteen crates of counterfeit money on the bottom along with the printing plates needed to make forgeries. Rockets, projectiles, mines and other experimental weapons were also salvaged from the bottom of the lake. Apparently during the war Toplitz had been used to test torpedoes and even a missile that could be launched by a submarine from underwater.</p> <p align="left">By 1983 it was thought that the lake was completely cleaned of all Nazi material, but in that same year a biologist, Professor Hans Fricke, started diving in Toplitz and found even more items. Fricke hadn't initially been interested in treasure, but had obtained special permission to dive in the lake to research what kind of life might survive in its oxygenless depths. He discovered several types of bacteria and a worm that manage to live under the hash conditions. He also found more counterfeit British pounds along with additional military hardware. His discoveries sparked more speculation that the lake still hid gold bullion. If it did, though, Fricke never came across it.</p> <p align="left">The most complete examination of the lake came in 2000 when the American television network CBS, along with the World Jewish Congress, sponsored an exploration of the Toplitz by a company called Oceaneering Technologies. Oceaneering Technologies went over the bottom of the lake inch-by-inch using a remote-controlled submarine named Phantom. They found the floor of the lake covered with trees that had fallen off the surrounding mountains. In some places the wood was stacked as deep as sixty feet. This made using the submarine difficult. Its long tether, which connected it to the crew on the surface, was always in danger of being tangled in the dead branches and roots. When the robot submarine found what looked like the remains of a crate, Oceaneering sent down a manned submarine that found more forged British bank notes.</p> <p align="left"><b>Chiemsee Cauldron</b></p> <p align="left">It would seem that with all this searching the reputation of Lake Toplitz as a location for lost treasure should be gone. This isn't the case. Some people continue to believe that the lake or others like it in Austria or Germany still hold millions in gold. Their speculation was strengthened in 2003 when an amateur diver discovered a solid gold cauldron at the bottom of Lake Chiemsee in Bavaria. The cauldron was decorated with Celtic and Indo-Germanic figures and is thought to have been commissioned by a top Nazi official who drew inspiration from such mythology. It is estimated that the cauldron, which weighs 23 pounds, is worth almost $100,000.</p>DROUSHKAhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07119855520563971451noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3620486789052227667.post-64248327516132073042009-04-22T03:54:00.001-07:002009-04-22T03:54:29.196-07:00Pyramids of the Sun and Moon in Teotihuacan<center><h3><br /></h3> <p> <img src="http://www.crystalinks.com/teocity.jpg" /> </p><p> <img src="http://www.crystalinks.com/teomap.jpg" /></p></center> <p> Teotihuacan was, at its height in the first half of the 1st millennium CE, the largest pre-Columbian city in the Americas. The city during its existence was larger than any European city of the same era, possibly including Rome. The civilization and cultural complex associated with the site is also referred to as Teotihuacan. Its influence spread throughout Mesoamerica; evidence of Teotihuacano presence, if not outright political and economic control, can be seen at numerous sites in Veracruz and the Maya region. The city was located in what is now the San Juan Teotihuacán municipality in the State of México, Mexico, approximately 40 km (24.8 mi) northeast of Mexico City. It covers a total surface area of 83 kms and was made a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1987. </p><p>The early history of Teotihuacan is quite mysterious, and the origin of its founders is debated. For many years, archaeologists believed it was built by the Toltec. This belief was based on colonial period texts such as the Florentine Codex which attributed the site to the Toltecs. However, the Nahuatl word "Toltec" generally means "craftsman of the highest level" and may not always refer to the archaeological Toltec civilization centered at Tula, Hidalgo. Since Toltec civilization flourished centuries after Teotihuacan, they cannot be understood as the city's founders. </p><p>In the Late Formative period, a number of urban centers arose in central Mexico. The most prominent of these appears to have been Cuicuilco, on the southern shore of Lake Texcoco. Scholars have speculated that the eruption of the Xitle volcano may have prompted a mass emigration out of the central valley and into the Teotihuacan valley. These settlers may have founded and/or accelerated the growth of Teotihuacan. </p><p>Other scholars have put forth the Totonac people as the founders of Teotihuacan, and the debate continues to this day. There is evidence that at least some of the people living in Teotihuacan came from areas influenced by the Teotihuacano civilization, including the Zapotec, Mixtec and Maya peoples. The culture and architecture of Teotihuacan was influenced by the Olmec people, who are considered to be the "mother civilization" of Mesoamerica. The earliest buildings at Teotihuacan date to about 200 BCE, and the largest pyramid, the Pyramid of the Sun, was completed by 100 CE. </p><p><br /></p><center>The Pyramid of the Sun <p> <img src="http://www.crystalinks.com/pyramidsun.jpg" /></p></center> <p>The Pyramid of the Sun is the largest building in Teotihuacán and one of the largest in Mesoamerica. Found along the Avenue of the Dead, in between the Pyramid of the Moon and the Ciudadela, and in the shadow of the massive mountain Cerro Gordo, the pyramid is part of a large complex in the heart of the city. </p><p>The name Pyramid of the Sun comes from the Aztecs, who visited the city of Teotihuacán centuries after it was abandoned; the name given to the pyramid by the Teotihuacanos is unknown. It was constructed in two phases. The first construction stage, around 100 A.D., brought the pyramid to nearly the size it is today. The second round of construction resulted in its completed size of 738 feet (225 meters) across and 246 feet (75 meters) high, making it the third largest pyramid in the world behind the Great Pyramid of Cholula and The Great Pyramid. The second phase also saw the construction of an altar atop of the pyramid, which has not survived into modern times. The Adosada platform was added to the pyramid in the early third century, at around the same time that the Ciudadela and Temple of the Feathered Serpent, Teotihuacan Pyramid of the Feathered Serpent were constructed. </p><p>Over the structure the ancient Teotihuacanos finished their pyramid with lime plaster imported from surrounding areas, on which they painted brilliantly colored murals. While the pyramid has endured for centuries, the paint and plaster have not and are no longer visible. Few images are thought to have been included in the mural decorations on the sides of the pyramid. Jaguar heads and paws, stars, and snake rattles are among the few images associated with the pyramids. </p><p>It is thought that the pyramid venerated a deity within Teotihuacan society but the destruction of the temple on top of the pyramid, by both deliberate and natural forces prior to the archaeological study of the site, has so far prevented identification of the pyramid with any particular deity. Some scholars have suggested that the deity of the pyramid was the Great Goddess, one of two major Teotihuacan deities and one of the few goddesses in ancient Mesoamerica. However, little evidence exists to support this theory. </p><p> Modern investigations </p><p>The first major archaeological excavation of the site was done by Leopoldo Batres in 1906. Batres supervised restoration of the Pyramid for the 1910 centennial of Mexican independence. Some aspects of Batres' reconstruction of the pyramid have been questioned by later archaeologists. Subsequent excavations of Teotihuacan have continued to the present. In 1925 Pedro Dosal discovered skeletons at the 4 corners of the foundations of the temple, which he interpreted as human sacrifices at the dedication of the temple. </p><p> Structure location and orientation </p><p>The orientation of the structure may hold some anthropological significance. The pyramid is oriented slightly northwest of the horizon point of the setting sun on two days a year, August 12 and April 29, which are about one divinatory calendar year apart for the Teotihuacanos. The day of August 12 is significant because it would have marked the date of the beginning of the present era and the initial day of the Maya long count calendar. In addition, many important astrological events can be viewed from the location of the pyramid that are important in terms of both agriculture and belief systems of the ancient society. </p><p>The pyramid was built over a man-made tunnel leading to a "cave" located six meters down beneath the center of the structure. Originally this was believed to be a naturally formed lava tube cave and interpreted as possibly the place of Chicomoztoc, the place of human origin according to Nahua legends. More recent excavations have suggested that the space is man-made instead, and could have served as a royal tomb. In 2008 scientists used muon detectors to try to find other chambers within the interior of the pyramid, but substantial looting has prevented the discovery of a function for the chambers in Teotihuacan society. </p><p> Recovered artifacts </p><p>Only a few caches of artifacts have been found in and around the pyramid. Obsidian arrowheads and human figurines have been discovered inside the pyramid and similar objects have been found at the nearby Pyramid of the Moon and Pyramid of the Feathered Serpent in the Ciudadela. These objects may have represented sacrificial victims. In addition, burial sites of children have been found in excavations at the corners of the pyramid. It is believed that these burials were part of a sacrificial ritual dedicating the building of the pyramid. </p><p><br /></p><center>Temple of the Feathered Serpent<br /><img src="http://www.crystalinks.com/templefeatheredserpent.jpg" /></center> <p>The "Temple of the Feathered Serpent" of Teotihuacan is an important religious and political[citation needed] center of the city. The Pyramid of the Feathered Serpent has revealed a great deal about religious ceremonies, burials, and politics in ancient Mesoamerica for the site of Teotihuacan. The structure contains some of the earliest-known representations of the Mesoamerican "plumed serpent" deity figure, most generally known by the term Quetzalcoatl, from the Nahuatl language of the much-later Aztec peoples. </p><p>The Feathered Serpent Pyramid is located at the Pre-Columbian site of Teotihuacán, which was at one time the largest city in the western hemisphere. The Feathered Serpent Pyramid is located in the Ciudadela at the South end of the Avenue of the Dead, a long avenue which is surrounded by platforms displaying the talud-tablero architectural style. </p><p> The Ciudadela </p><p>The Ciudadela is a Spanish term first used when the Spanish conquistadors arrived at Teotihuacán. It is a structure with high walls and a large courtyard that surrounds the Pyramid of the Feathered Serpent. The Ciudadela¹s courtyard is massive enough that it could house the entire adult population of Teotihuacán within its walls, which was estimated to be one hundred to two hundred thousand people during its peak. Within the Ciudadela there are several monumental structures, including the Pyramid of the Feathered Serpent, two mansions on the North and South side of the pyramid and the Adosada platform. The Adosada platform is located on the front, West side of the Pyramid of the Feathered Serpent, blocking its front view. </p><p> Architecture </p><p>The Feathered Serpent Pyramid is built in the talud-tablero style, with several platforms forming the pyramid. In between every platform there is a wall where a feathered serpent¹s head sticks outward. Its body wraps around the entire pyramid. Along with the feathered serpent there is also another figure that some believe is a representation of a crocodile or a representation of the deity Tlaloc. These figures alternate around the pyramid. In the eyes of these figures there is a spot for obsidian glass to be put in, so when the light hits, its eyes would glimmer. In between the heads a row of three shells can be found, showing that the people of Teotihuacán were trading with people along the Mexican coast. In antiquity the entire pyramid was painted. Today it is hidden by the adosada platform built in the 4th century hinting at political restructurisation of Teotihuacan during that time. </p><p> Burials at the Pyramid of the Feathered Serpent </p><p>The people of Teotihuacan believed in ritual sacrifice to satisfy the gods. Multiple burials were found at the pyramid, and it is believed that they were sacrificed as part of the dedication of the temple. The numbers of the burials are 4, 8, 9, 13, 18, and 20; these numbers represent significant ideology in Mesoamerica. There are four directions in the world, nine layers of their underworld, thirteen layers of heaven and earth, and a ritual calendar of thirteen months of twenty days or two hundred and sixty day calendar, and a solar calendar of eighteen months of twenty days. </p><p> Relation to the Calendar </p><p>As stated above there was a correlation between the Pyramid of the Feathered Serpent and a calendar for the people of Teotihuacán. The pyramid also is thought to contain two hundred and sixty feathered serpent heads between the platforms. Each of these feathered serpents also contains an open area in its mouth. This open area is big enough to put a place holder in. Thus, it is believed that the people of Teotihuacán would move this place marker around the pyramid to represent the ritual calendar. When a spiritual day would arrive the people would gather within the walls of the Ciudadela and celebrate the ritual. </p><p> Political influences </p><p>The Pyramid of the Feathered Serpent was not only a religious center but also a political center as well. The rulers of Teotihuacán were not only the leaders of men; they were also the spiritual leaders of the city. The two mansions near the pyramid are thought to have been occupied by powerful families. An interesting feature of the Feathered Serpent Pyramid is that there are examples of a shift in power or ideology in Teotihuacán and for the Pyramid itself. The construction of the Adosada platform came much later than the Feathered Serpent Pyramid. The Adosada platform is built directly in front of the pyramid and blocks its front view. Thus, it is thought that the political leaders lost favor or that the ideology of the Feathered Serpent Pyramid lost virtue and was covered up by the Adosada. </p><p><br />Teotihuacan reached its zenith between 150 and 450, when it was the center of a powerful culture whose influence extended through much of the Mesoamerican region. At its height the city covered over 30 kms (over 11 1/2 square miles), and probably housed a population of over 150,000 people, possibly as many as 250,000. Various districts in the city housed people from across the Teotihuacano region of influence that spread south as far as Guatemala. Notably absent from the city are fortifications and military structures. </p><p>The nature of political and cultural interactions between Teotihuacan and the centers of the Maya region (as well as elsewhere in Mesoamerica) has been a long-standing and significant area for debate in Mesoamerican scholarship. It is clearly established that substantial exchange and interaction occurred over the centuries from the Terminal Preclassic to the Mid Classic period, and that "Teotihuacan-inspired ideologies" and motifs persisted at Maya centers into the Late Classic long after Teotihuacan itself had declined. </p><p>However, there are several schools of thought contending the extent and degree of Teotihuacano influence, which range from a direct and even militaristic dominance, to one where the adoption of 'foreign' traits was part of a selective, conscious and bi-directional cultural diffusion. But because of new discoveries, it now seems that Teotihuacan was not much more different from the later empires, such as the Toltec and Aztec. It is believed that Teotihuacán had a major influence on the Preclassic and Classic Maya, most likely by conquering several Maya centers and regions including Tikal and the region of Peten, and influencing Maya culture. </p><p>Architectural styles prominent at Teotihuacan are also found widely dispersed at a number of distant Mesoamerican sites, which some researchers have interpreted as evidence for Teotihuacan's far-reaching interactions and political or militaristic dominance. </p><p> A style that has been particularly associated with Teotihuacan is known as talud-tablero, in which an inwards-sloping external side of a structure (talud) is surmounted by a rectangular panel (tablero). Variants of the generic style are found in a number of Maya region sites, including Tikal, Kaminaljuyu, Copan, Becan, and Oxkintok, and particularly in the Petén Basin and the central Guatemalan highlands.</p><p> However, it has been established that the talud-tablero style pre-dates its earliest appearance at Teotihuacan in the Early Classic period, and instead seems to have first originated in the Tlaxcala-Puebla region during the Preclassic. </p><p> Analyses have also been able to trace the development into local variants of the talud-tablero style at sites such as Tikal, where its use precedes the 5th-century appearance of iconographic motifs shared with Teotihuacan. Thus it appears that the talud-tablero style disseminated through Mesoamerica generally from the end of the Preclassic and not specifically or only via Teotihuacano influence. It is unclear how or from where the style spread into the Maya region. </p><p>The city was a center of industry, home to many potters, jewelers and craftsmen. Teotihuacan is known for producing a great number of obsidian artifacts. Unfortunately no ancient Teotihuacano non-ideographic texts are known to exist (or known to have existed), but mentions of the city in inscriptions from Maya cities show that Teotihuacan nobility travelled to and perhaps conquered local rulers as far away as Honduras. Maya inscriptions mention an individual nicknamed by scholars as "Spearthrower Owl", apparently ruler of Teotihuacan, who reigned for over 60 years and installed his relatives as rulers of Tikal and Uaxactun in Guatemala. </p><p>Most of what we infer about the culture at Teotihuacan comes from the murals that adorn the site (and others, like the Wagner Murals, found in private collections) and from hieroglyphic inscriptions made by the Maya describing their encounters with Teotihuacano conquerors. The creation of murals, perhaps tens of thousands of murals, reached its height between 450 and 650 CE. The painters' artistry was unrivalled in Mesoamerica and has been compared with that of Florence, Italy. </p><p> Teotihuacano culture </p><p> People </p><p>There is archaeological evidence that Teotihuacan was a multi-ethnic city, with distinct Zapotec, Mixtec, Maya and what seem to be Nahua quarters. The Totonacs have always maintained that they were the ones who built it, a story that was corroborated later by the Aztecs. </p><p> Language </p><p>In his 2001 paper,[17] Terrence Kaufman presents linguistic evidence suggesting that an important ethnic group in Teotihuacán was of Totonacan and/or Mixe-Zoquean linguistic affiliation. He uses this to explain general influences from Totonacan and Mixe-Zoquean languages in many other Mesoamerican languages many of which do not have any known history of contact with either of the above-mentioned groups. </p><p> Religion </p><p>The religion of Teotihuacan is similar to those of other Mesoamerican cultures. Many of the same gods were worshiped, including the Feathered Serpent and The Rain god. Teotihuacan was a major religious center, and the priests probably had a great deal of political power. As with other Mesoamerican cultures, Teotihuacanos practiced human sacrifice. Human bodies and animal sacrifices have been found during excavations of the pyramids at Teotihuacan; it is believed that when the buildings were expanded, sacrifices were made to dedicate the new building. The victims were probably enemy warriors captured in battle and then brought to the city to be ritually sacrificed so the city could prosper. Some were decapitated, some had their hearts removed, others were killed by being hit several times over the head and some were even buried alive. Animals that were considered sacred and represented mythical powers and military might were also buried alive but imprisoned in cages: cougars, a wolf, eagles, a falcon, an owl, and even venomous snakes. </p><p> Site Layout </p><p>The city's broad central avenue, called "Avenue of the Dead" (a translation from its Nahuatl name Miccoatli), is flanked by impressive ceremonial architecture, including the immense Pyramid of the Sun (second largest in the New World after the Great Pyramid of Cholula) and the Pyramid of the Moon. Along the Avenue of the Dead are many smaller talud-tablero platforms. The Aztecs believed they were tombs, inspiring the name of the avenue. Now they are known to be ceremonial platforms that were topped with temples. Further down the Avenue of the Dead is the area known as the Citadel, containing the ruined Temple of the Feathered Serpent. This area was a large plaza surrounded by temples that formed the religious and political center of the city. The name "Citadel" was given to it by the Spanish, who believed it was a fort. Most of the common people lived in large apartment buildings spread across the city. Many of the buildings contained workshops that produced pottery and other goods. </p><p>The geographical layout of Teotihuacan is a good example of the Mesoamerican tradition of planning cities, settlements and buildings as a representation of the Teotihuacano view of the Universe. Its urban grid is aligned to precisely 15.5º east of North. The Street of the Dead, in particular, seems to line up with Cerro Gordo to the north of the Pyramid of the Moon. Pecked-cross circles throughout the city and in the surrounding regions indicate how the grid was managed over long distances. </p><p> Archaeological site </p><p>Knowledge of the huge ruins of Teotihuacan was never lost. After the fall of the city, various squatters lived on the site. During Aztec times, the city was a place of pilgrimage and identified with the myth of Tollan, the place where the sun was created. Teotihuacán astonished the Spanish conquistadores during the post-conquest era. Today Teotihuacan is one of the most noted archaeological attractions in Mexico. </p><p> Excavations and investigations </p><p>Minor archaeological excavations were conducted in the 19th century, and in 1905 major projects of excavation and restoration began under archaeologist Leopoldo Batres. The Pyramid of the Sun was restored to celebrate the centennial of Mexican Independence in 1910. Excavations at the Ciudadela were carried out in the 1920s, supervised by Manuel Gamio; other sections of the site were excavated in the 1940s and 50s. The first site-wide project of restoration and excavation was carried out by INAH from 1960-65 and supervised by Jorge Acosta. This focused on clearing the Street of the Dead, consolidating the structures facing it, and excavating the Palace of Quetzalpapalotl. </p><p>During the installation of a 'sound and light' show in 1971, the entrance to a tunnel and cave system underneath the Pyramid of the Sun was accidentally discovered. Long thought to be a natural cave, more recent examinations have established the tunnel was entirely artificial. The interior of Pyramid of the Sun has never been fully excavated. </p><p>Another major program of excavation and restoration was carried out 1980-82 at the Pyramid of the Feathered Serpent and the Street of the Dead Complex. Most recently, a series of excavations at the Pyramid of the Moon have greatly expanded evidence of cultural practices. </p><p> Collapse </p><p>It was previously believed that sometime during the 7th or 8th centuries, the city was sacked and burned by invaders, possibly the Toltecs. More recent evidence, however, seems to indicate that the burning was limited to the structures and dwellings associated primarily with the elite class. Some see this as evidence that the burning was from an internal uprising and that the invasion theory is flawed due to the fact that early archaeological work on the city was focused exclusively on the palaces and temples, places used by the elites, and because all of these sites showed burning, archaeologists concluded that the whole city was burned. Instead, it is now known that the destruction in the city was focused on major civic structures along the Avenue of the Dead. </p><p> Some statues seem to have been destroyed in a methodical way, their fragments dispersed. Evidence for population decline beginning around the 6th century lends some support to the internal unrest hypothesis. The decline of Teotihucán has been correlated with the droughts related to the Climate changes of 535-536 CE. This theory is supported by the archaeological remains that show a rise in the percentage of juvenile skeletons with evidence of malnutrition during the 6th century. This does not conflict with either of the above theories however since both increased warfare and internal unrest can also be effects of a general period of drought and famine. </p><p>Other nearby centers such as Cholula, Xochicalco, and Cacaxtla attempted to fill the powerful vacuum left by Teotihuacan's decline. They may have aligned themselves against Teotihuacan in an attempt to reduce its influence and power. The art and architecture at these sites shows an interest in emulating Teotihuacán forms, but also a more eclectic mix of motifs and iconography from other parts of Mesoamerica, particularly the Maya region. </p>DROUSHKAhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07119855520563971451noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3620486789052227667.post-68994236278589884862009-04-22T02:12:00.000-07:002009-04-22T03:08:51.143-07:00Pleiades<center><h3><br /></h3> <p> <img src="http://www.crystalinks.com/pleiadesnames.jpg" /> </p><p> <img src="http://www.crystalinks.com/pleaidesblue.jpg" /></p></center> <p> The Pleiades also known as M45 or the Seven Sisters, is the name of an open cluster in the constellation of Taurus. It is among the nearest to the Earth of all open clusters, probably the best known and certainly the most striking to the naked eye. This asterism is sometimes referred to as the Maia Nebula, perhaps erroneously considering that the reflection nebulosity surrounding Maia is extrinsic. </p><p>The cluster is dominated by hot blue stars, which have formed within the last 100 million years. Dust that forms faint reflection nebulosity around the brightest stars was thought at first to be left over from the formation of the cluster but is now known to be an unrelated dust cloud that the stars are currently passing through. Astronomers estimate that the cluster will survive for about another 250 million years, when it will have dispersed due to gravitational interactions with the spiral arms of the galaxy and giant molecular clouds. </p><p> </p><center><b>Observational History</b></center> <p>The Pleiades are a prominent sight in the Northern Hemisphere in winter and in the Southern Hemisphere in summer, and have been known since antiquity to cultures all around the world, including the <a linkindex="0" href="http://www.crystalinks.com/maori.html">Maori</a> and <a linkindex="1" href="http://www.crystalinks.com/australia.html">Australian Aborigines</a>, the <a linkindex="2" href="http://www.crystalinks.com/china.html">Chinese</a>, the <a linkindex="3" href="http://www.crystalinks.com/maya.html">Maya</a> called them Tzab-ek, the <a set="yes" linkindex="4" href="http://www.crystalinks.com/aztec.html">Aztec</a> and the Sioux of North America. Some Greek astronomers considered them to be a distinct constellation, and they are mentioned by Hesiod, and in Homer's Iliad and Odyssey. They are also mentioned three times in the Bible (Job 9:9, 38:31; Amos 5:8). </p><p> The Pleiades (Krittika) are particularly revered in Hindu mythology as the six mothers of the war god Skanda, who developed six faces for each one of them. In Islam The prominent commentators of the Noble Quran like Ibn Kathir mention At-thuraiya (the Pleiades) to mean the Star in Najm 53:1 according to tafsir of Mujahid ibn Jabr, as confirmed by Al-Haafidh Ibn Hajar in Fath al-Bari. Also there is a hadith in relation to verse of Quran Al-Jumua 62:3 suggests that if faith were near At-thuraiya (the Pleiades), then a descendent of these folk, i.e, Salman's Salman Al-Farsi would attain it. </p><p>A Spitzer image of the Pleiades in infrared light, showing the associated dust. Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech They have long been known to be a physically related group of stars rather than any chance alignment. The Reverend John Michell calculated in 1767 that the probability of a chance alignment of so many bright stars was only 1 in 500,000, and so correctly surmised that the Pleiades and many other clusters of stars must be physically related. When studies were first made of the stars' proper motions, it was found that they are all moving in the same direction across the sky, at the same rate, further demonstrating that they were related. </p><p>Charles Messier measured the position of the cluster and included it as M45 in his catalogue of comet-like objects, published in 1771. Along with the Orion Nebula and the Praesepe cluster, Messier's inclusion of the Pleiades has been noted as curious, as most of Messier's objects were much fainter and more easily confused with comets - something which seems scarcely possible for the Pleiades. One possibility is that Messier simply wanted to have a larger catalogue than his scientific rival Lacaille, whose 1755 catalogue contained 42 objects, and so he added some bright, well-known objects to boost his list. </p><p> </p><center><b>Distance</b></center> <p>The distance to the Pleiades is an important first step in the so-called cosmic distance ladder, a sequence of distance scales for the whole universe. The size of this first step calibrates the whole ladder, and the scale of this first step has been estimated by many methods. As the cluster is so close to the Earth, its distance is relatively easy to measure. Accurate knowledge of the distance allows astronomers to plot a Hertzsprung-Russell Diagram for the cluster which, when compared to those plotted for clusters whose distance is not known, allows their distances to be estimated. Other methods can then extend the distance scale from open clusters to galaxies and clusters of galaxies, and a cosmic distance ladder can be constructed. Ultimately astronomers' understanding of the age and future evolution of the universe is influenced by their knowledge of the distance to the Pleiades. </p><p>Results prior to the launch of the Hipparcos satellite generally found that the Pleiades were about 135 parsecs away from Earth. Hipparcos caused consternation among astronomers by finding a distance of only 118 parsecs by measuring the parallax of stars in the cluster, a technique which should yield the most direct and accurate results. Later work has consistently found that the Hipparcos distance measurement for the Pleiades was in error, but it is not yet known why the error occurred. The distance to the Pleiades is currently thought to be the higher value of about 135 parsecs. </p><p> </p><center><b>Composition</b></center> <p>The cluster is about 12 light years in diameter and contains approximately 500 stars in total. It is dominated by young, hot blue stars, up to 14 of which can be seen with the naked eye depending on local observing conditions. The arrangement of the brightest stars is somewhat similar to Ursa Major and Ursa Minor. The total mass contained in the cluster is estimated to be about 800 solar masses. </p><p>The cluster contains many brown dwarfs, which are objects with less than about 8% of the Sun's mass, not heavy enough for nuclear fusion reactions to start in their cores and become proper stars. They may constitute up to 25% of the total population of the cluster, although they contribute less than 2% of the total mass. Astronomers have made great efforts to find and analyse brown dwarfs in the Pleiades and other young clusters, because they are still relatively bright and observable, while brown dwarfs in older clusters have faded and are much more difficult to study. </p><p>Also present in the cluster are several white dwarfs. Given the young age of the cluster normal stars are not expected to have had time to evolve into white dwarfs, a process which normally takes several billion years. It is believed that, rather than being individual low- to intermediate-mass stars, the progenitors of the white dwarfs must have been high-mass stars in binary systems. Transfer of mass from the higher-mass star to its companion during its rapid evolution would result in a much quicker route to the formation of a white dwarf, although the details of this supposed transfer from a deeper gravity well to a lesser are unexplained. </p><p> </p><center><b>Age and Future Evolution</b></center> <p>Ages for star clusters can be estimated by comparing the H-R diagram for the cluster with theoretical models of stellar evolution, and using this technique, ages for the Pleiades of between 75 and 150 million years have been estimated. The spread in estimated ages is a result of uncertainties in stellar evolution models. In particular, models including a phenomenon known as convective overshoot, in which a convective zone within a star penetrates an otherwise non-convective zone, result in higher apparent ages. </p><p>Another way of estimating the age of the cluster is by looking at the lowest-mass objects. In normal main sequence stars, lithium is rapidly destroyed in nuclear fusion reactions, but brown dwarfs can retain their lithium. Due to its very low ignition temperature of 2.5 million kelvins, the highest-mass brown dwarfs will burn lithium eventually, and so determining the highest mass of brown dwarfs still containing lithium in the cluster can give an idea of its age. Applying this technique to the Pleiades gives an age of about 115 million years. </p><p>The cluster's relative motion will eventually lead it to be located, as seen from Earth many millennia in the future, passing below the feet of what is currently the constellation of Orion. Also, like most open clusters, the Pleiades will not stay gravitationally bound forever, as some component stars will be ejected after close encounters and others will be stripped by tidal gravitational fields. Calculations suggest that the cluster will take about 250 million years to disperse, with gravitational interactions with giant molecular clouds and the spiral arms of the galaxy also hastening its demise. </p><p> </p><center><b>Names and Technical Information</b></center> <p>The nine brightest stars of the Pleiades are named for the Seven Sisters of Greek mythology: Sterope, Merope, Electra, Maia, Taygete, Celaeno and Alcyone, along with their parents Atlas and Pleione. As daughters of Atlas, the Hyades were sisters of the Pleiades. The name of the cluster itself is of Greek origin, though of uncertain etymology. Suggested derivations include: from plein, to sail, making the Pleiades the "sailing ones"; from pleos, full or many; or from peleiades, flock of doves. </p><p><br /></p><center><a linkindex="5" href="http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap070413.html"> <img src="http://www.crystalinks.com/pleaides407.jpg" border="0" /><br />Seven Dusty Sisters</a> NASA - April 13, 2007</center> <p><br /></p><center><b>The Pleiades in Folklore</b></center> <p> Ancient civilizations looked to the heavens as guides for their daily lives. They attributed many things to these gods who were both god and bad - kind and harsh. They created mythological tales about those who came from the different star systems. They believed that the gods lived in the heavens and sometimes flew down to the planet bringing messages of teaching or warnings of disasters. These people communicated with their gods through meditation and dreamtime. They believed that the gods would one day return. </p><p>The alignment in the heavens is like a blueprint upon which those on the planet can plan their daily, weekly, monthly, and yearly activities. The heavens were also the way they plotted their seasons so they would know when to plant and when to harvests, when the waters would come and when it would be dry. In essence they worshipped those from the skies, the Pleiades being a major factor for many civilizations. </p><p> The Pleiades' high visibility in the night sky has guaranteed it a special place in many cultures, both ancient and modern. </p><p>The Pleiades are mentioned three times in the Bible, twice by name and once by reference, in Job 9:9, again in Job 38:31, and alluded to in Amos 5:8. </p><p> Hebrew - Kimah: a cluster (Hebrew) </p><p> Egypt - the Pleaides represent the goddess Net or Neith, the "divine mother and lady of heaven". </p><p> Japan - the word for Pleiades translates to 'Subaru'. If you examine the insignia logo for this line of cars, you'll see a stylized symbol of the Seven Sisters as ancient mythology meets modern industry. </p><p>China - Kimah - The Pleiades seem to be the among the first star mentioned in astronomical literature, appearing in Chinese annals of 2357 B.C. China - The Blossom Stars and Flower Stars </p><p> Rome - The Bunch of Grapes and The Spring Virgins </p><p> Old English, Old German, Russian, Czech and Hungarian - The Hen and Chicks </p><p> To the Vikings, they were Freya's hens, and their name in many old European languages compares them to a hen with chicks. </p><p> To the Bronze Age people of Europe, such as the Celts (and probably considerably earlier), the Pleiades were associated with mourning and with funerals, since at that time in history, on the cross-quarter day between the autumn equinox and the winter solstice, which was a festival devoted to the remembrance of the dead, the cluster rose in the eastern sky as the sun's light faded in the evening. It was from this acronychal rising that the Pleiades became associated with tears and mourning. As a result of precession over the centuries, the Pleiades no longer marked the festival, but the association has nevertheless persisted, and accounts for the significance of the Pleiades astrologically. </p><p>The early Monte Alto Culture and others in Guatemala such as Ujuxte and Takalik Abaj, made its early observatories, using the Pleiades and Eta Draconnis as reference, they were called the seven sisters, and thought to be their original land. </p><p>Heliacal risings very often mark important calendar points for ancient peoples. The heliacal rising of the Pleiades (around June) also begins the new year for the Maori of New Zealand, who call the Pleiades Matariki. There is an analogous holiday in Hawaii known as Makalii. </p><p>Indigenous Australians: Depending on the tribe or clan, some Indigenous Australian peoples believed the Pleiades were a woman who had been nearly raped by Kidili, the man in the moon. Another version, often painted by Gabriella Possum Nungurayyi as this is her dreaming (or creation story), daughter of the late Clifford Possum Tjapaltjarri from the Central desert art movement of Papunya, depicts the story of seven Napaltjarri sisters being chased by a man named Jilbi Tjakamarra. He would practice love magic to seduce the sisters but they had no intention of being with him and ran away. They sat down at Uluru to search for honey ants but when they saw Jilbi, they went to Kurlunyalimpa and with the spirits of Uluru, transformed into stars. Jilbi transforms himself into what is commonly known as the Morning Star in Orion's belt, thus continuing to chase the seven sisters across the sky. <i>Pitjantjatjara tribe - Kungkarungkara: the ancestral women. </i> Australian Aboriginal - Adnyamathanha tribe - Makara: <i>The wives of stars in the Orion constellation</i> </p><p> In Japan, the Pleiades are known as Subaru, and have given their name to the car manufacturer whose logo incorporates six stars. Subaru Telescope, located in Mauna Kea Observatory on Hawaii, is named after the Pleiades also. </p><p> In Chinese constellations, they are <i>mao</i>, the Hairy Head of the white tiger of the West, while the name of the Hindu God Kartikeya means him of the Pleiades. </p><p> South Africa - Khuseti: the stars of rain, or rain bearers. (Khoikhoi tribe) </p><p> In the Swahili language of East Africa they are called "kilimia" which means "digging stars" as their visibility was taken as a sign to prepare digging as the onset of the rain was near. </p><p>Hindu - The Flames of Agni (the god of Fire): the divinities of fire in its beneficent form and the wet nurses for Kumara, the god of War. Also The General of the Celestial Armies. In Western astrology they represent coping with sorrow and were considered a single one of the medieval fixed stars. As such, they are associated with quartz and fennel. In Indian astrology the Pleiades were known as the asterism (nakshatra) Krittika (which in Sanskrit is translated as "the cutters.") The Pleiades are called the star of fire, and their ruling deity is the Vedic god Agni, the god of the sacred fire. It is one of the most prominent of the <i>nakshatras</i>, and is associated with anger and stubbornness. </p><p> The word has acquired a meaning of "multitude", inspiring the name of the French literary movement <i>La Pleiade</i> and an earlier group of Alexandrian poets, the Alexandrian Pleiad. </p><p> Aztec - Tianquiztli: 'marketplace' or 'gathering place' </p><p> Inca - The seed scatterer or sower </p><p> Paraguayan - Abiponestribe worshipped them as their ancestors. </p><p> <img src="http://www.crystalinks.com/plperu.gif" /> Peru - Verano - which means summer, or dry season - possibly in association with the Pleiades ritual at the summer solstice during the dry season. A Peruvian cosmological chart from around 1613 seems to show the Pleiades. Pachacuti Yamqui, an Inca nobleman, drew the chart to show the objects that were depicted on the temple in Cusco, adding Spanish and Quechua notations. </p><p> Native Americans: The Sioux of North America had a legend that linked the origin of the Pleiades to Devils Tower. According to the Seris (of northwestern Mexico), these stars are seven women who are giving birth. The constellation is known as Cmaamc, which is apparently an archaic plural of the noun cmaam "woman". It was common among the indigenous peoples of the Americas to measure keenness of vision by the number of stars the viewer could see in the Pleiades, a practice which was also used in historical Europe, especially in Greece. </p><p>Native Amercians believed in constellations and created ancient star maps. Legend has it that they exist at the center of the Earth or 'Turtle Island'. That beyond them was the sky and that beyond the sky were dimensional portals or sky holes. Beyond the dimensional portals was an area that they call the 'Ocean of Pitch', were the beauty of the night sky and the galaxies spun out towards them. Beyond that were the boundaries of the universe. And that set along the rim at the boundaries of the universe were 4 different extraterrestrial groups. </p><p> At the destruction at each of the ages of mankind the people that were pure of heart went down into the buxom of the Earth and there remained protected. According to them they dwelt in the center of the Earth with a group of beings that they call the <a linkindex="6" href="http://www.crystalinks.com/hopi.html">Ant People.</a> Drawings of the Ant People are remarkable similar to the gray aliens, large heads, little stocky bodies, long spindly fingers, in some cases 4, 5, or 6 digits. Some of these drawings have the indication of telepathic thought waves coming from the beings'. </p><p>Early Dakota stories speak of the Tiyami home of the ancestors as being the Pleiades. Astronomy tells us that the Pleiades rise with the sun in May and that when you die your spirit returns south to the seven sisters. </p><p> The Hopis called the Pleiadians the 'Chuhukon', meaning those who cling together. They considered themselves direct descendents of the Pleiadians. <a set="yes" linkindex="7" href="http://www.crystalinks.com/hopi2html">Hopi Prophecy and Legend</a> </p><p> The Navajos named the Pleiades the 'Sparkling Suns' or the 'Delyahey', the home of the 'Black God'. </p><p> The Iroquois pray to them for happiness. </p><p> The Cree came to have come to Earth from the stars in spirit form first and then became flesh and blood. </p><p> They believe that Mythic Mountain is actually the home of the Kachinas [Gods]. This mountain top is sacred. Being the home of the Kachina spirits it is the place where all of the large mythic beings they honor in their rituals land. "We come as clouds to bless the Hopi people" is a quote passed from generation to generation. There are some remarkable drawings that appear to be luminous discs of light in the <a linkindex="8" href="http://www.crystalinks.com/etroglyphs.html">petroglyphs </a> in the southwest. </p><p> Native Americans believed that the home of the Kachinas was on top of a mountain where there were great cloud formations. Today we know that UFO's often hide in what we call <a linkindex="9" href="http://www.crystalinks.com/lenticular.html">Lenticular Clouds.</a> These are cloud formations that resemble UFO's and are said to hide actual spacecraft. </p><p> One legend ties the Pleiades to a Savior. <i>On a street in the Holy Land, the Savior smelled the delicious aroma of freshly-baked bread. Entering the shop, the Savior was instantly recognized by the baker who presented Him with a tasty treat and a chance to rest from His labors. In gratitude, the Savior placed the baker, his wife and seven daughters in the Heavens to be safe with Him forever. </i> </p><p> Some Native Americans believed that all tribes in North America came from the Pleiades. That they were actually descendents and had been given a task by the Pleiadians to keep the Earth safe. </p><p>Another legend tells of seven maidens who were being pursued by a ferocious bear. Kneeling to pray for help, they called on the Indian gods, who raised the ground where they were located high into the air. Angered, the bear clawed at the earth in a vain attempt to reach them. After leaving huge claw marks in the unyielding earth, the bear finally gave up and retreated. The maidens were turned into stars and placed in the sky forever out of harm's way. The site is what we now call the Devil's Tower, scene of the climactic alien visit in the movie 'Close Encounters of the Third Kind.' </p><p> </p><center>Greek Mythology</center> <p> In <a set="yes" linkindex="10" href="http://www.crystalinks.com/greekmythology.html">Greek mythology</a>, the Pleaides represented the Seven Sisters. Greek astronomer Eudoxus of Knidos (c. 400-350 BC) set them apart as a distinct constellation: the Clusterers. Greek sailors were said to consult the skies before setting sail. If the Pleiades were visible, all was well. Otherwise, storm conditions were likely.. They are mentioned in Homer's Iliad and Odyssey. </p><p> </p><ul><li><a linkindex="11" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maia_%28mythology%29">Maia</a> - eldest of the seven Pleiades, was mother of <a linkindex="12" href="http://www.crystalinks.com/hermes.html">Hermes </a>by <a linkindex="13" href="http://www.crystalinks.com/zeus.html">Zeus</a> </li><li><a linkindex="14" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electra_%28pleiade%29">Electra </a> was mother of Dardanus and Iasion by Zeus. </li><li><a set="yes" linkindex="15" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taygete">Taygete</a> was mother of Lacedaemon, also by Zeus. </li><li><a set="yes" linkindex="16" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcyone">Alcyone</a> was mother of Hyrieus by Poseidon. </li><li><a set="yes" linkindex="17" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celaeno">Celaeno</a> was mother of Lycus and Eurypylus by Poseidon. </li><li><a set="yes" linkindex="18" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sterope">Sterope</a> (also Asterope) was mother of Oenomaus by Ares. </li><li><a set="yes" linkindex="19" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merope">Merope</a> youngest of the seven Pleiades, was wooed by <a linkindex="20" href="http://www.crystalinks.com/orion.html">Orion.</a> In other mythic contexts she married Sisyphus and, becoming mortal, faded away. She bore to Sisyphus several sons. </li></ul> <p>After Atlas was forced to carry the world on his shoulders, Orion began to pursue all of the Pleiades, and Zeus transformed them first into doves, and then into stars to comfort their father. The constellation of Orion is said to still pursue them across the night sky.In the Pleiades star cluster only six of the stars shine brightly, the seventh, Merope, shines dully because she is shamed for eternity for having an affair with a mortal. Some myths also say that the star that doesn't shine is Electra, mourning the death of Dardanus, though a few myths say it is Sterope. </p><p>One of the most memorable myths involving the Pleiades is the story of how these sisters became, quite literally, stars. According to some versions of the tale, all seven sisters committed suicide because they were so saddened by either the fate of their father, Atlas, or the loss of their siblings, the Hyades. In turn Zeus, the ruler of the Greek gods, immortalized the sisters by placing them in the sky. There these seven stars formed the constellation known thereafter as the Pleiades. </p><p>The Greek poet Hesiod mentions the Pleiades several times in his Works and Days. As the Pleiades are primarily summer stars, they feature prominently in the ancient agricultural calendar. </p>DROUSHKAhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07119855520563971451noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3620486789052227667.post-37522983386354003212009-04-22T02:04:00.000-07:002009-04-22T02:05:08.815-07:00Pandora,s Box<center><br /><p><br /><img src="http://www.crystalinks.com/pandorasboxopen.jpg" /></p></center> <p> The Pandora's Box metaphor is powerful both in its imagery and its suggestiveness. Pandora's Box does not label only the magical present given by Zeus to Pandora, which contained all human ills, but relates to all sources of unexpected extensive troubles. </p><p> In <a linkindex="0" href="http://www.crystalinks.com/greekmythology.html">Greek mythology, </a>Pandora ("all gifted") was the first woman, fashioned by <a linkindex="1" href="http://www.crystalinks.com/zeus.html">Zeus</a> as part of the punishment of mankind for Prometheus' theft of the secret of fire. </p><p> Hesiod, in his Works and Days, ca. 700 BC, has a very early version of the Pandora story. As the legend goes ... </p><p>The titan Epimetheus ("hindsight") was responsible for giving a positive trait to each and every animal. However, when it was time to give man a positive trait, there was nothing left. Prometheus ("foresight"), his brother, felt that because man was superior to all other animals, man should have a gift no other animal possessed. So Prometheus set forth to steal fire from Zeus and handed it over to man. </p><p>Zeus was enraged and decided to punish Prometheus and his creation ... Mankind. To punish Prometheus, Zeus chained him in unbreakable fetters and set an eagle over him to eat his liver each day, as the eagle is Zeus' sacred animal. Prometheus was an immortal, so the liver grew back every day, but he was still tormented daily from the pain, until he was freed by <a set="yes" linkindex="2" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heracles">Heracles</a> during <a set="yes" linkindex="3" href="http://www.crystalinks.com/12laborshercules.html">The Twelve Labours.</a> </p><p> </p><center><img src="http://www.crystalinks.com/pandoracreation.jpg" /></center> <p> To punish mankind, Zeus ordered the other gods to make Pandora as a poisoned gift for man. Pandora was given several traits from the different gods: Hephaestus molded her out of clay and gave her form; Athena clothed her and adorned her with necklaces made by Hephaestus as well as taught her manual dexterity and how to spin; Aphrodite gave her beauty; Apollo gave her musical talent and a gift for healing; Demeter taught her to tend a garden; Poseidon gave her a pearl necklace and the ability to never drown; Zeus made her idle, mischievous, and foolish; Hera gave her curiosity; Hermes, along with giving her cunning, boldness and charm, then gave Pandora a box. The name Pandora, thus, derives from the fact she's received gifts from all deities: "all gifts". </p><p>Before he was chained to the rock, Prometheus had warned Epimetheus not to take any gifts from the gods. Epimetheus did not listen to his brother, however, and when Pandora arrived, he fell in love with her. Hermes told him that Pandora was a gift to the titan from Zeus, and he warned Epimetheus to not open the box, which was Pandora's dowry. </p><p>Until then, mankind had lived a life in a paradise without worry. Epimetheus told Pandora never to open the box she had received from Zeus. However, one day, Pandora's curiosity got the better of her and she opened it, releasing all the misfortunes of mankind (plague, sorrow, poverty, crime, etc.). Once opened, she shut it in time to keep one thing in the box: <i>hope.</i> </p><p> The world remained extremely bleak for an unspecified interval, until Pandora "chanced" to revisit the box again, at which point Hope fluttered out. Thus, mankind always has hope in times of evil, but Hope has a great deal of catching up to do. The daughter of Epimetheus and Pandora was Pyrrha, who married Deucalion and was one of the two who survived the <a set="yes" linkindex="4" href="http://www.crystalinks.com/floodstories.html">deluge.</a> </p>DROUSHKAhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07119855520563971451noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3620486789052227667.post-73929866544800458432009-04-22T01:05:00.000-07:002009-04-22T02:02:41.693-07:00Palmistry<center><h3> <br /></h3></center> <p> Palmistry, also known as Cheiromancy, is my favorite tool of divination, as lines never lie. They are the blueprint of your experience in this reality. The palms of the hand are further used for healing by many healers and can experience energy if you focus. The left acts to receive energy while the right hand sends it out. </p><p> Chiromancy or 'cheiromancy', is the art of characterization and foretelling the future through the study of the palm, also known as palmistry, palm-reading, chirology or hand analysis. The practice is found all over the world, with numerous cultural variations. Those who practice chiromancy are generally called palmists, palm readers, hand readers, or chirologists. </p><p>Palmistry can trace its roots back to Indian (Hindu) Astrology (known in Sanskrit as Jyotish) and Roma (gypsy) fortune tellers. The Hindu sage Valmiki is thought to have written a book, whose title translates in English as "The Teachings of Valmiki Maharshi on Male Palmistry", comprising 567 stanzas, more than 5,000 years ago. </p><p> From India, the art of palmistry spread to China, Tibet, Egypt, Persia and to other countries in Europe. Palmistry came to China in around 3,000 B.C. It then progressed to Greece where Anaxagoras practised it. However, modern palmists often combine traditional predictive techniques with psychology, holistic healing, and alternative methods of divination. </p><p>The practice of chiromancy is generally regarded as a pseudoscience. It should be noted that the information outlined below is briefly representative of modern palmistry; there are many, often conflicting, interpretations of various lines and palmar features across various "schools" of palmistry. </p><p>Chiromancy consists of the practice of evaluating a person's character or future by "reading" the palm of that person's hand. Various "lines" ("heart line", "life line", etc.) and "mounts" (or bumps) (chirognomy) , purportedly suggest interpretations by their relative sizes, qualities, and intersections. In some traditions, readers also examine characteristics of the fingers, fingernails, fingerprints and palmar skin patterns (dermatoglyphics), skin texture and color, shape of the palm, and flexibility of the hand. </p><p>A palm reader usually begins by reading the person's 'dominant hand' (the hand he or she writes with or uses the most). In some traditions of palmistry, the other hand is believed to carry past-life or karmic information, as well as hereditary traits which is not the case. One lines form on the palm they remain there. New lines are created as a person experiences life. </p><p> </p><center><b>History of Palmistry</b> <p> <img src="http://www.crystalinks.com/palmistry1594.jpg" /></p></center> <p>Palmistry is an ancient practice that can be found dating back thousands of years. The prehistoric caves in France and Spain display hand drawings of palms with the major lines portrayed in amazing detail. Judging by the number of hands painted in prehistoric caves it would seem the human hand held a interest for humans since the stone age. Archaeological discoveries have discovered hands made of stone, wood and ivory by ancient civilizations. The use of the palm of the hand as a tool for healing, a link between man and god, as been repeated over and over again in history. </p><p> The basic framework for Classical Palmistry (the most widely taught and practiced tradition) is rooted in Greek mythology. Each area of the palm and fingers is related to a god or goddess, and the features of that area indicate the nature of the corresponding aspect of the subject. For example, the ring finger is associated with the Greek god Apollo; characteristics of the ring finger are tied to the subject's dealings with art, music, aesthetics, fame, and harmony. Aristotle (384-322 b.c) discovered a treatise on Palmistry on an altar to the god Hermes. The Greek physicians Hippocrates and Galen (ad 130-200) were both knowledgeable about the use of palmistry as a clinical aid. </p><p> The emperor of China used his thumbprint when sealing documents in 3000 BC. Information on the laws and practice of hand reading have been found in Vedic scripts, the bible and early Semitic writings. </p><p> The ancient Vedas, the earliest sacred Hindu writings, studied the hands as a means to unveil and understand the self and relationships with others. Here began an understanding that the unique patterns of lines and signs in the hand are a direct result of the way we think - consciousness creating the human blue for experiece. </p><p> Julius Caesar is said to have judged his men by palmistry. </p><p> An early writing using the word Palmistry - spelled 'Pawmestry' - was written in 1420 by John Lyndgate in his <i>Assembly of Gods documents</i>. </p><p> The first book on Palmistry was Michael Scotts <i>De Philsiognomia</i> written in 1477 on the physiognomy of the human body with a chapter on all the aspects of the human hand. He wrote, <i>Just as a pebble thrown into the water creates ripples, so our thoughts create similar effects on our palms.</i> </p><p>In the seventeenth century many books were written that included the early gypsy ideas about the hand that had been handed down through tradition since the early 1400s. </p><p> The practice of palmistry was unfortunately forced underground by the Catholic Church who branded it devil worshiping. </p><p> By the eighteenth century books were written blending some scientific information about the hand with mysticism. Since then Palmistry was aligned with the idea that a person read the hand with a scientific eye and spoke from intuition. Palmistry then was a form of prediction that was as individual as the hand. </p><p> Just as today's consciousness is awakening from the darkness into the light - religious paradigms losing their ontrol over humany thinking - so too did palmistry awakening as a tool of divination linked to the working of the mind. One must never forget that consciousness creates reality. </p><p> And so evolved the <ii>gypsy fortune teller as the hand of hate created the 18th century grid experiences for humanity. </ii></p><p>Marie Anne le Norman was a famous French fortune teller in Napoleon's court who created great interest in Palmistry because of her predictive successes with Napoleon and Josephine. Two other Frenchmen DArpentigny born in 1798 and Desbarrolles born in 1801 wrote on the subject. </p><p> Dr Carl Carus, physician to the king of Saxony in the 19th century matched palms to personality. </p><p> Patrick "The Mysterious" Goodden, was said to be able to predict someone's exact date of death by looking at someone's hand. He died in 1875 and ironically predicted the completely wrong day of death. </p><p>Alex "The Mighty" Bernas, it has been said, could not only predict date of death but also the cause of death. He was known to heal as well and was not only revered as a chiromancer but also a witch doctor. </p><p>Cheiro, as he is known by nickname, was said to have predicted correctly dates and events in the lives of many renowned celebrities, including Marilyn Monroe, and even his own death. </p><p> </p><ul><img src="http://www.crystalinks.com/cheiro.jpg" /><br />Cheiro (1866-1936), was one of the most famous and colorful occult figures of the early Twentieth Century, Cheiro was a clairvoyant who used palmistry (or cheiromancy), astrology, and Chaldean numerology, to make startlingly accurate predictions, including world events. Born in Ireland as William John Warner, Cheiro also went by the name Count Louis Hamon, claiming a noble ancestry that may or may not have been accurate. His name, Cheiro, derives from the word cheiromancy. </ul> <p>There has always been skepticism about palmistry. Yet in the 21st century people study the lines on the hands with children born with various challenges such as autism, Downs Symdrom, ADD, among others. There often is a correlation which one day may help in early diagnosis of childhood illnesses which go undetected in early childhood. </p><p> As a special education teacher for many years, I can tell you that patterns do follow with learning challenges and genetically inherited diseases. </p><p> As we know, homosexuality is inherited. There is a 'V' shaped line on the hand that is found in all gay people and which I have shown to my clients. </p><p> All genetic markers are prominent on the hand if one knows where to look -- this is science not metascience. </p><p> As we came to study the lines on the fingers as a personal blueprint of signature for an individual, forensic research would determine that fingerprints were unique to each individual. In 1901 Scotland Yard adopted the technique of fingerprinting in criminal investigation and identification. Fingerprint identification is sometimes referred to as <i>dactyloscopy.</i> It involves the process of comparing questioned and known friction skin ridge impressions from fingers, palms, and toes to determine if the impressions are from the same finger. The flexibility of friction ridge skin means that no two finger or palm prints are ever exactly alike even two impressions recorded immediately after each other. Fingerprint identification occurs when an expert (or an expert computer system operating under threshold scoring rules) determines that two friction ridge impressions originated from the same finger or palm (or toe, sole) to the exclusion of all others. </p><p>Medical researchers studying skin patterns - Dermatoglyphics - have discovered a correspondence between genetic abnormalities and unusual markings in the hand. Research has confirmed a link between specific fingerprint patterns and heart disease. </p><p><br /></p><center>PALM READINGS <p> <img src="http://www.crystalinks.com/palmprint.gif" /></p></center> <p> Some people study the palm simply by looking at it and tapping inot messages they receive intuitively. Palmists - such as myself with create a palm bring using black Speedball water soluble ink placed on piece of paper or file folder. The lines are carefully outlined and detailed for the person - the final interpretation lending itself to a combination of rote and psychic messages which I carefully outline on the palm print. </p><p> Clients who cannot come here for a reading, send me a xeroed copy of their palm print for analysis. </p><p> </p><center><b>HANDS</b></center> <p>Everything matters in Palmistry...the size of the hand, it's shape, color,texture, the nails, depth of lines, even the manner in which you hold your hands when I read your palm. </p><p> The hand you use to write with is your dominant hand. The lines on this hand change through the years due to the electromagnetic images from your brain which know your lifepath. Lines can add on. Once added they do not go away. </p><p> The other hand is your destiny hand. It generally remains the same throughout your lifetime. I do not consider it your last lifetime as both hands are generally similar. </p><p><br /> </p><center><b>LINES</b></center> <p> Ovals on the heart denote line-divorce, separation. A long heart line: Overly romantic. A straight heart line: The mind rules the heart. The heat lines ends on the Jupiter mount: You want to control relationships </p><p> Above the heart line: A "V" denotes empathic qualities. A "U" from the Jupiter to the Apollo finger: Gay person </p><p> Horizontal lines under the Mercury finger: Karmic relationships: Long lines that run across the palm of the hand to the Mount of Venus (past lives) (thumb) denote marriages or 'living together'. (They are marked the same way). </p><p> Vertical lines: Full ones that cross horizontal lines: Your children should you decided to have any. Short lines: Miscarriages, abortions. (This will come up on the father's hand as well). </p><p> Head Line: Education: College--crosses the entire palm. Masters Program--has branches from the primary Head Line. Small branches: Other courses of study. </p><p> Life Line: Surround Venus Mount (thumb) Starts from above the thumb and goes to the wrist. If not connected to the Head Line: Caretaker, independent thinker, will give a lot in this lifetime, usually first or last child in the family-- or the only child (if the space is really wide). Double line: Depression, needs therapy at some point. A "V" closer to the wrist: a divorce A split in the line: Moving far, changing destiny </p><p> Lines that follow the Life Line of your Venus Mount (thumb area): Spirit Guides, Past Lives </p><p> Fate / Career / Destiny Line: Runs from the wrist straight up to the Saturn (middle finger). Career / careers: will often branch in many directions which will determine changes in career and goals in one's lifetime. Doubled line denotes: working at 2 careers at the same time. </p><p> Travel lines: Run along the outside palm from the heart line to the wrist. This needs to be viewed with a palm print to see where the person will travel next! Many lines: Traveling for business as well as pleasure. A few long lines: Major trips that change your destiny, often seen in the old years. </p><p> Money lines: From outside of the Venus Mount to the heart line. Run upward from the wrist. May have stars, bars or various other markings to indicate money and how you will get it. A wide "V" in that area: cash settlement. Darker / deeper lines: Finances increase Scattered lines: Make lost of money but at various times in your life. Palm prints denote: white space in that area: you will lend money but never get it back: learning lessons with money. How many lessons depends on how many white areas are between the life line and the thumb on your palm print. </p><p> Other lines: Pentagrams [goddess energies], Stars, Circles, Triangles, The letter "M", the letter "V". </p><p> All markings depend on the area of the hand where they are found. </p><p>Many markings do not mean an old soul. Many men have few lines and are old souls. Blue collar workers have fewer lines--usually just the basic lines. </p><p><br /></p><center><b>FINGERS</b></center> <p> Divided into 3 sections each with a different reference on each finger. Length of each section, and images on your palm print tell much. </p><p> Jupiter finger: Leadership, Self Esteem, The Teacher, Organization, Punctuality, The Limelight. A strong determined person will always have a long Jupiter finger, as do teachers, and performers. </p><p> Saturn Finger: Destiny, The Corporate World, Karma Long finger: Lots of karma to work out. Section closest to palm: Your family Section in the middle: Business world Section near the tip of the finger, your spiritual path </p><p> Apollo Finger: Creative, Metaphysical, Health If it points to the Saturn finger: Your have karma in the metaphysical realms. </p><p> Mercury Finger: Communications: Writing, Computers, Media Much can be gleamed in this area with a palm print as so many people are in the communication fields now. A short finger: does not go up as high as the third section on your Apollo finger: Not great with writing, but will overcome this by working with others. It the Mercury finger bends in: You hold back what you need to say! </p><p> Venus finger: How stubborn / or giving you are. It can be straight (stubborn) ---or bent (subtle)--the giver. Please check both hands as they may be different. i have one of each type! </p><p> The lengths of the Jupiter and Apollo fingers must be compared. If the Jupiter finger is shorter the person is often a late bloomer as he / she will follow the dictates of others and will not seek their own goals until their thirties. </p><p> Spaces between fingers: Wide between Saturn and Jupiter: Will overspend </p><p> Holding out the hands: When hands are placed down on the paper for the palm print: Wide open: Friendly, outgoing. Big space between the Mercury (pinky) and Apollo (ring) fingers: Will move, needs lots of freedom and space. </p><p><br /></p><center><img src="http://www.crystalinks.com/palm2.gif" /> <p> <b>THE MOUNTS</b></p></center> The mounts refer to the fleshy lumps that appear on your hand, the high spots or "mountains" on the plane of the hand. The most prominent ones are roughly at the base of each finger and thumb. These are named after the finger or other feature which they are nearest. In general, the larger the mount the stronger the characteristic in the person. There is a special meaning if the mount is not exactly under the proper finger, but that's more specific than will be discussed here. <p> Jupiter (under index finger) - religion, pride, respect<br /> Saturn (under 2nd finger) - morbidness, sadness, interpersonal relationships.<br /> Sun (under ring finger) - artistic talent<br /> Mercury (under pinky finger) - inventiveness<br /> Upper Mars (directly under the Mount of Mercury) - courage<br /> Moon (directly under Upper Mars, large) - imagination<br /> Venus (under thumb, across from Moon) - love<br /> Lower Mars (above Venus, across from Upper Mars) - indifference </p>DROUSHKAhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07119855520563971451noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3620486789052227667.post-6407142812734187382009-04-22T01:04:00.000-07:002009-04-22T01:05:17.416-07:00Quatrains of Nostradamus - Interpretations<center><h3><br /></h3> <p> <img src="http://www.crystalinks.com/nostradamus4.gif" /> </p><p> <img src="http://www.crystalinks.com/nosty716.jpg" /> </p><p> <img src="http://www.crystalinks.com/nosty717.jpg" /></p></center> <p> </p><ul>The year 1999 seven month,<br />From the sky will come a great King of terror:<br />To bring back to life the great King of Angolmois, (the Mongols),<br />Before after Mars to reign by good luck <br />(Century X, Quatrain 72)</ul> <p> </p><center><b>By John Hogue</b></center> <p> Nostradamus' most famous doomsday prediction warns future generations of a King of Terror descending from the skies in July 1999. This holy terror could be linked to the Third Antichrist who may be the fearsome Mabus of C2 Q62 or the North African Terrorist from C2 Q30 who is from the land of the infernal Hannibal's God. "Baal" was also called "Hammon," a name that can mean "Lord of the Sky." </p><p> Many interpreters have tried to understand the prophetic significance of Nostradamus bringing back to life the Roi 'Angolmois (the great King of the Mongols) by the last July of this millennium. Genghis Khan united the Mongolians of the Central Asian steppes into an all-conquering army that forged the largest land empire in history. The vast Islamic western wing of his empire included modern-day Iraq, Iran, Pakistan, and the Central Asian republics of the former Soviet Union. </p><p> Genghis Khan was one of history's greatest kings of terror. Tens of millions died in the bloody conquests initiated by the warlord and his successors, and his record of devastation and genocide is appalling. According to the prophet, Genghis Khan and his empire are now returning: the warlord has been brought back to life. In 1990 in a major propaganda campaign, the leaders of the People's Republic of China restored Genghis Khan to his "rightful" place in Chinese history. </p><p> The final line makes a cryptic reference to Mars. A consideration of the occult meaning of this planet which, in conventional wisdom, represents the God of war and mayhem, opens up the possibility of a positive outcome in the future. The phrase "before and after Mars rules happily" can be interpreted to mean that the higher aspect of Mars, as the God of magic and spiritual transformation, "rules happily" in the new millennium. </p><p> </p><center><b>By Eric Cheetham</b></center> <p> In this gloomy prediction of the coming of the Third Antichrist in July 1999, Nostradamus seems to foresee the coming of the Millennium. He was greatly influenced towards this opinion by contemporary thought. This quatrain indicates that it will be preceded by the coming of the Third Antichrist from the East, "the king of the Mongols," before the Final Coming of the Great King of Terror. It is interesting to note that Nostradamus foresees war both before and after his coming. He, therefore, does not envisage an instant End of the World. </p><p> At forty-five degrees, the sky will burn,<br />Fire approaches the great new city,<br />Immediately a huge, scattered flame leaps up<br />When they want to have verification from the Norman<br />(Century VI, Quatrain 97) </p><p> In this phrase, Nostradamus refers to a great city in the new world of America near forty-five degrees latitude. Experts agree this could only be New York. </p><p> The king will want to enter the new city,<br />Through its enemies they will come to subdue it<br />Captives liberated to speak and act falsely,<br />King to be outside, he will keep far from the enemy.<br /><century quatrain=""></century></p><p> Garden of the world near the new city,<br />In the path of the hollow mountains,<br />It will be seized and plunged into the Vat,<br />Drinking by force the waters poisoned by sulfur.<br />(Century X , Quatrain 49) </p><p> By fire he will destroy their city,<br />A cold and cruel heart,<br />Blood will pour,<br />Mercy to none.</p><p> Earth-shaking fire from the center of the Earth.<br />will cause the towers around the New City to shake,<br />Two great rocks for a long time will make war,<br />And then Arethusa will color a new river red.<br />(Century 1, Quatrain 87) </p><p> </p><hr /> <p> </p><center><h3>Notes on the Quatrains<img src="http://www.crystalinks.com/scrollpenline2.gif" /></h3></center> <p> Century 10, Q 72<br />L'an mil neuf cens nonante neuf sept mois,<br />Du ciel viendra vn grand Roy d'effrayeur:<br />le grand Roy d'Angolmois,<br />Auant apres Mars regner par bon-heur. </p><p> In the year 1999 and seven months<br />The Great King of Terror will come from the sky,<br />He will bring back to life the great king of the Mongols (Ghengis Khan?)<br />Before and after the God of war reigns happily. </p><p> Century V. 70 </p><p> The Eastern kings shall carry out the Divine Justice.<br />Turkey shall be devastated. </p><p> Les regions suvjettes a la Balance<br />Feront trembler les monts par grande guerre<br />Captif tout sexe deu et toute Bizance<br />Qu'on criera a l'aube terre a terre </p><p> NOTE:<br />Suvjettes: subjected; Balance: (fig.) Divine Justice, the army of Divine Justice or Muslims; Bizance: Turkey; on: one; aube: dawn. </p><p> The regions subjected to Muslim armies<br />Shall cause mountains trembling with great war<br />Prisoners of both sexes and throughout Turkey<br />One shall cry at dawn from land to land </p><p> COMMENT: The Eastern kings shall carry out the Divine Chastisements to punish the Great Harlot or Western countries at an appointed time (The Book of Revelation). The brutality of Muslims on both men and women. </p><p> V.25 The full-scaled invasion from the sea.<br />Le prince Arabe, Mars, Sol, Venus, Lyon<br />Regne d'Eglise par mer succombera<br />Devers la Perse bien pres d'un million<br />Bisance, Egypte, ver. serp. invadera </p><p> NOTE: Succombera (succomber): to succumb, to be defeated; devers: toward; Perse: Persia or ancient Iran; bien pres de: very close to; ver. serp.: versus serpens (latin) means the returning serpent, the Devil One. </p><p> Muslims, wars, the Day of the Lord, the Harlot, the Lioness Beast<br />The reign of the Church from the sea shall be succumbed<br />Toward Iran one shall see nearly one million troops<br />Turkey, Egypt, evils shall invade </p><p> COMMENT: The invasion shall occur on Mediterranean shores. </p><p> II.4 Muslims shall brutalize the Italian coast.<br />Depuis Monach jusqu'au pres de Sicile<br />Toute la plague demourra desolee<br />Il n'y aura faux-bourgs, cite, ne ville<br />Que par Barbares, pille soit et volee<br /></p><p> NOTE: Depuis: from; Monach: Monaco; jusqu'au pres: as far as; plague: beach, shore; demourra: demolished; desolee: desolated; il: there; il n'y aura: there shall not be..; faux-bourg: false market town or suburb; ville: village; barbare: barbarian or Muslims; pille (piller): to loot, to ransake; vole (voler): undone. </p><p> From Monaco as far as Sicily<br /> All the coast demolished and desolate<br /> There shall not be any more suburb, city, nor village<br /> That the Muslim invaders shall leave undone </p><p> COMMENT: The Muslims shall attack and destroy the Italian coasts and Rome in the most brutal fashion. </p><p> V.26 Russian troop shall advance over high mountains.<br /> La gent esclave par un heur martiel<br /> Viendra en haut degre tant esleve<br /> Changeront prince, naistra un provincial<br /> Passer la mer, copie aux monts leve</p><p> NOTE: Gent: (latin = gens) race, population; esclave: ancient Russian; heur: good fortune; martiel: martial, military; haut: high; degre: degree; tant: so, so much; escleve: elevated; changeront (changer): to chage; naistra (naistre): to be born; mer: sea; copie: (latin = copia) army, troop; levee: raised, high; mont: mountain. </p><p> The Russians through an military good fortune<br /> Shall be elevated to a high degree<br /> Shall change their prince, one born in a province<br /> Shall pass sea, troop shall climb over high mountains </p><p> COMMENT: Russia's leadership shall belong to an outsider who shall appeal to the common population. Russian troops shall attack Western Europe or more specifically Italy via two routes: from the south near the Black Sea and from the north by crossing the Alps. IV.82 Through Russian hands, the old Destroyer shall destroy Romanie. </p><p> Amas s'approche venant d'Esclavonie<br /> L'Olestant vieux cite ruinera<br /> Fort desolee vera sa Romainie<br /> Puis la grand flamme estaindre ne scaura </p><p> NOTE: Amas: mass, accumulation; venant: coming; Esclavonie: Russia; Olestant: (Greek) destroyer, Abbadon mentioned in the Book of Revelation; vieux: old; ruiner: to ruin; cite: city, Vatican City; fort: hard, violently; desolee: desolate; puis: then, afterwards; estaindre (eteindre): to quench; saura (savoir): to know how, to manage. </p><p> The mass shall approach coming from Russia<br /> The ancient Destroyer shall ruin the city<br /> Violently desolated Romanie shall see<br /> Afterwards the great flame of war shall not be quenched </p><p> COMMENT: Russia shall start the WW III in Europe by invading its Western neighboring countries who shall recently join NATO. The war shall spread and cannot be contained. </p><p> X.32 Russian navy shall dominate only for two short years.<br /> Le grand Empire chacun en devoit etre<br /> Un sur les autres le viendra obtenir<br /> Mais peu de temps sera son regne et etre<br /> Deux ans aux naves se pourra soustenir </p><p> NOTE: Chacun: each, each one; devoit (devoir): to owe, have to, to be bound to; autre: other; obtenir: to gain, to secure; mais: but; peu: little, little time; etre: existence; naves: (latin = navis) vessel, boat; pourra (pourrir): to get rotten, decay; soustenir: to maintain, sustain. </p><p> In the great Empire with everyone's existence hung in desperation<br /> One over the others shall secure it<br /> But little time shall last for his reign and existence<br /> Two years the navy shall be rotten due to poor maintenance </p><p> COMMENT: Russia shall be in the state of desperation nationwide. Each person shall have to survive on his own without relying on his government (Verse 2). Russia's power and her very existence shall be threatened due to the European offences and later by the bloody hands of the neighboring China. Their navy shall dominate the war for the first two years then shall collapse due to the lack of spare parts and resources. </p><p> VI. Both northern and southern Europe shall be attacked. </p><p> Norvege et Dace et l'isle Britannique<br /> Par les unis freres seront vexees<br /> Le chef Romain issu du sang Gallique<br /> Et les copis aux forest repoulsees </p><p> NOTE: Norvege: Norway; Dace: Denmark; freres: brothers; Gallique: French; copie: troops; repoulsee: repulsed. </p><p> Norway and Denmark and British island<br /> Through the united brothers shall be vexed<br /> The Roman ( Italian) chief issued from French blood<br /> And his troops shall be repulsed into the forests </p><p> COMMENT: The northern front of Europe including Norway, Denmark and Britain shall be attacked by Russia naval forces. In the south, Italy and Muslims shall push north starting on French soil. </p><p> I.73 French fleet shall be surrounded... </p><p> France a cinq parts par neglect assaillie<br /> Tunis, Argiel esmeuz par Persiens<br /> Leon, Seville, Barcelone faillie<br /> N'aura la classe par les venitiens </p><p> NOTE: Cinq: five, assaillie (assaillir): to attack; Tunis: Tunisia; Argiel: Algeria; esmeuz (emouvoir): to move, stir up; faillir: to fail, to fall short of; classe: fleet, Venitien (Venise): Italian. </p><p> By negligence French fleet shall be attacked by five parties<br /> Tunisia and Algeria stirred up by Iran<br /> Leon, Seville, Barcelonia shall fall (into Muslim hands)<br /> Italian fleet shall not fare any better </p><p> COMMENT: At the onset of WW III or European war, Spain and Italy shall quickly fall into Muslim hands and later become Eastern allies ( We have to remember that the Muslim populations in those two countries are quite large, probably majority by now in Spain.) Tunisia and Algeria shall side with Iran. French fleet shall be sunk in Adriatic Sea leaving Marseilles naked. </p><p> II.86 French fleet shall wrecked in Adriatic Sea.<br /> Naufrage a classe pres d'onde Hadriatique<br /> La terre emeu sur l'air en terre mis<br /> Egypte tremble augment Mahometique<br /> L'Heraut se rendre a crier est comis </p><p> NOTE: Naufrage: shipwreck; classe: fleet; pres:near; onde: sea; Hadriatique: Adriatic; emeu (emu): moved; augment: faction; Heraut: public officer; rendre: to render; crier: to cry; commis (commettre): to commit a wrong, endanger oneself . </p><p> Shipwreck of a fleet near Adriatic Sea<br /> The earth quakes, moved with the air above<br /> Egypt trembles due to Muslim extremist faction<br /> A public officer renders a loud cry before committing suicide </p><p> COMMENT: French fleet shall be wrecked in Adriatic Sea by a surprised attack by Muslims. The Muslim extremists loyal to Iran shall dominate all Muslim governments around the region. </p><p> III.88 Barcelonia and Marseilles shall fall.<br /> De Barcelone par mer si grande armee<br /> Tout Marseilles de frayeur tremblera<br /> Isles saisies de mer aide fermee<br /> Ton traditeur en terre nagera </p><p> NOTE: Frayeur: fear; saisie (saisir): to seize; aide: aid, reinforcement; fermee (fermer): to lock up, shut up; traditeur: traditor; nager: to swim. </p><p> A great army from Barcelonia by sea shall attack<br /> All Marseilles shall tremble with fear<br /> Islands shall be seized, reinforcement from the sea halted<br /> Traditors shall swim in land </p><p> COMMENT: After defeating French navy in Adriatic Sea, the Muslims shall advance to Marseilles through Spain. Marseilles shall be vulnerable due to no protection from French navy. </p><p> I.72 Southern France devastated, million suffered.<br /> Du tout Marseilles des habitans changee<br /> Course et pour fuitte jusques pres de Lyon<br /> Narbon, Tholoze, par Bordeaux outragee<br /> Tuez, captifs, presque d'un million </p><p> NOTE: Habitan: inhabitant; course: run ,race, journey; fuite: flight, fleeing; pres: near; jusque: till as far as; Narbonne: city of S. France near Mediterranean; Toulouse: city, SW France on Garonne River; Bordeaux: city and port SW France on Garonne river, tuez (tuer): killed, slaughtered; presque: almost. </p><p> Throughout Marseilles the inhabitants shall change<br /> French citizens shall flee as far as Lyon<br /> Narbonne and Toulouse shall become outraged by Bordeaux<br /> Killed, captured, almost one million French </p><p> COMMENT: The present population in Marseilles is about 900,000, Narbonne 40,000, and Toulouse 400,000. Thus the approximation of one million is amazingly accurate. That also indicates a total defeat under Muslim hands. The military French leader in Bordeaux shall decide to abandon those captured cities into their enemies's hands to consolidate the remaining French troops in order to save the rest of the country. </p><p> IX.69 Chemical warheads upon Lyon & Vienna by Italian force.<br /> Sur le mont de Bailly et la Bresse<br /> Seront cachez de Grenoble les fiers<br /> Outre Lyon, Vien, eulx si grand gresle<br /> Langoult en terre n'en restera un tiers </p><p> NOTE: Cachez (cacher): to hide, conceal; fier: fierce, cruel; outre: beyond; eulx (eux): them; gresle (grele): hail, hailstorm; langoult (langoureux): languishing; rester: to remain, last; un tiers: one third. </p><p> Upon Mount Bailley and Bresse<br /> Shall be hidden in Genoa fierce weapons<br /> Beyond Lyon and Vienna, great hail upon them<br /> Languished on the ground, less than one third shall survive </p><p> COMMENT: From northern Italy, on high mountains, the Muslim and Italian forces shall bombard Lyon and Vienna with missiles carrying the chemical warheads which shall wipe out more than two-thirds of the population. The survivors will wish to die instead. </p><p> III.70 Great Britain shall suffer floods and war.<br /> La Grande Bretagne comprise l'Angleterre<br /> Viendra par eaux si fort inondre<br /> La ligue neufue d'Ausonne fera guerre<br /> Que contre eux il se viendront bander </p><p> NOTE: Grande Bretagne: Great Britain; Angleterre: England; eaux: water; inonde: flooded; ligue: league; neufue: new; Ausonne: Italy; guerre: war; il: he; se: himself; bander: to bandage, to dress wound. </p><p> Great Britain including England<br /> By sea shall suffer great floods<br /> The new league including Italy shall raise war against her<br /> Italy herself shall dress all her wounds </p><p> COMMENT: The new league of Ausonne include Muslims (Iran-led), Italy, Russia, and Spain. </p><p> II.68 USA rescues England by sea.<br /> De l'aquilon les efforts seront grande<br /> Sur l'ocean sera la porte ouverte<br /> Le regne en l'isle sera reintegrande<br /> Tremblera Londres par voile descouverte </p><p> NOTE: Aquilon: (latin) northern country or eagle, here USA;ouvert: open, liberated; regne: reign; l'isle: island, England; reintegrande (reintegrer): to reinstate; Londres: London; voile: sail; descouverte: discovered. </p><p> USA shall exert a great effort<br /> Across the Atlantic Ocean to open English shore<br /> The sovereignty of England shall be reinstated<br /> As London is trembling in discovering enemy sails </p><p> COMMENT: USA shall rescue England from the siege of Muslim and Italian league. </p><p> III.99 Muslims shall be defeated on French soil.<br /> Aux champs herbeux d'Alein et du Varneigne<br /> Du Mont Lebron proche de la Durance<br /> Camp des deux parts conflit sera si aigre<br /> Mesopotamie defaillira en la France </p><p> NOTE: Champs: open field, arena; herbeux: grass-grown; aigre: bitter, fierce; defaillira: to faint, collapse, fail; Allein, Varneigne: French towns near River Rhone; Lebron: region around Alps Mountains. Mesopotamie: ancient region which is now Iran and Iraq. </p><p> In the grassy fields of Alein and Varneigne<br /> Upon Mount Lebron near Durance<br /> Conflict between two sides shall be very fierce<br /> Mesopotamie shall fall on French soil </p><p> V.68 Muslims shall advance as far north as Germany, then shall be defeated by French troops.<br /> Dans le Danube et du Rhin viendra boire<br /> Le grand Chameau, ne s'en repentira<br /> Trembler du Rhone et plus fort ceux de Loire<br /> Et pres des Alpes Coq les ruinera </p><p> NOTE: Boire: to drink; Chameau: camel, here means Muslims; repentir: to repent; fort: strong, violent; coq: cock, used by Nostradamus to indicate France; les: them; Rhone & Loire: two rivers in southern France; Danube & Rhine: two rivers in Germany. </p><p> By River Danube and Rhine shall come to drink<br /> The great Camel which shall not repent<br /> Trembling is River Rhone and most violent for those near River Loire<br /> And near Alps the Cock shall ruin them </p><p> COMMENT: Muslims shall advance as far north as Germany, shall terrorize the area between two Rivers Rhone and V.42 World War III at its climax. </p><p> Mars esleve en son plus haut beffroy<br /> Fera retraire les Allobrox de France<br /> La gent Lombarde fera si grand effroy<br /> A ceux de l'aigle compris sous la Balance </p><p> NOTE: Esleve: elevated; plus haut: the highest; beffroi: watch tower, bell tower; retraire (retrait): retreat, withdrawal; Allobrox: Italians (inhabitants of Savoy); effroi: terror, horror; aigle: eagle, hawk; Balance: balance, here means Divine Justice or Chastisement. </p><p> War shall be elevated to its highest<br /> Italians shall retreat from France<br /> Inhabitants in Lombardy shall be terrified<br /> Of those hawkish (brutal) troops who carry out the Divine Justice </p><p> III. 31 Final battle in Middle East.<br /> Aux champs de Mede, d'Arabe et d'Armenie<br /> Deux grands copies trois fois s'assembleront<br /> Pres du rivage d'Araxes la mesnie<br /> Du grand Soliman en terre tomberont </p><p> NOTE: Champs: field; copie: army; trois: three; fois: time; rivage: shore; mesnie (messie): the chosen people, the anointed ones, Messie: Messiah; Soliman: Soloman; la messie du grand Soliman: Israelites; tomber: to tumble, fall. </p><p> In the fields of Media, Arabe, and Armenia<br /> Two great armies shall assemble three times<br /> Near the Arabic shore or Persian Gulf<br /> The Israelites on land shall tumble </p><p> COMMENT: Western armies shall pursue the Muslim armies all the way to Iranian soil or Middle East. The Jews shall be drawn into the conflict and shall suffer greatly. </p><p> V.14 At the end of the European War... </p><p> Saturn et Mars en Leo Espagne captive<br /> Par chef Libique au conflit attrape<br /> Proche de Malte, heredde Prince vive<br /> Et Romain scepter sera par coq frappe </p><p> NOTE: Saturn: (fig.) the Lord, the Day of the Lord; Mars: (fig.) war; Leo: (fig.) the pope; Espagne: Spain; Libique: Lybian; attrape (attraper): to trap, to catch; proche: near; vive (vivre): to live; vive: long live!; heredde (hereditaire): heralded; frappe (frapper): to strike, tap; coq: cock or France. </p><p> Saturn and Mars in Leo, Spain captive<br /> Lybian chief in the battle shall be caught<br /> Near Malta, the heralded Prince (Henry) shall be cheered<br /> And Roman Scepter shall be struck by a Frenchman </p><p> COMMENT: The pope shall be killed near the end of the War. Spain shall surrender. Lybian leader shall be captured. King Henry of France shall be heralded in Malta. The newly elected French Pope shall anoint him as the Roman Emperor of the world, the Charlemagne of our modern time. </p><p> IX.62 The battle of Armagaddon.<br /> Au grand de Cheramonagora<br /> Seront croisez par rangs tous attachez<br /> Le Pertinax Oppi et Mandragora<br /> Raugon d'Octobre le tiers seront laschez </p><p> NOTE: Cheramonagora: anagram of Armageddon or Harmageddon (Greek), the final battle mentioned in Rev 16:14-16; croisez (croiser): to cross, to join a crusade; rang: row, range, rank; attachez (attacher): to attach, fasten; Pertinax: (latin) unyielding, pertinacious, determined; oppi: (latin = copie) army; Mandragora: man-dragon, the troop of the ancient serpent or dragon, probably Chinese; raugon: dragon; Octobre le tiers: the third of October; laschez (lacher): loosen. </p><p> At the great battle of Armageddon<br /> Shall join the crusade through rows totally attached<br /> The pertanious army of God against the army of the evil Serpent<br /> The Dragon shall be loosened on October third </p><p> COMMENT: Man-dragon might indicate Chinese troops. The battle begins on October third and from Quatrain III.77, Iranian leader shall be captured on October 7th 2025 indicating that this great decisive battle might be between Western allies and Muslim alliance. Also Armageddon might be the battle between Western and Chinese troops as the latter shall decide to engage in war at the end of the conflict while all parties are almost exhausted. And the national symbol of China has always been the Red Dragon. </p><p> </p><hr /> <p> </p><center><b>FAMOUS FULFILLED PROPHECIES</b> <p> <b>Death of Henry II</b></p></center> <p> The young lion will overcome the older one,<br />On the field of combat in a single battle;<br />He will pierce his eyes through a golden cage,<br />Two wounds made one, then he dies a cruel death.<br />(Century 1, Quatrain 35) </p><p> This quatrain foretelling the death of King Henry II of France in a jousting accident is one of the most famous, predocumented, and successfully fulfilled prophecies in history. </p><p> In June 1559, Henry II ignored all warnings that Nostradamus gave him and participated in a jousting tournament against the Comte de Montgomery. Both men used shields embossed with lions. Montgomery was six years younger than Henry. A tournament is a field of ritual single combat. </p><p> During the final bout, Montgomery failed to lower his lance in time. It shattered, sending a large splinter through the king's gilded visor (golden cage). Along with minor punctures in the face and throat, there were two mortal wounds. One splinter destroyed the king's eye; the other impaled his temple just behind the eye. Both penetrated his brain. Henry lingered for ten agonizing days before dying a cruel death. </p><p> </p><center><b>THE FIRE OF LONDON</b></center> <p> The blood of the just will be demanded of London,<br />Burnt by the fire in the year 66 </p><p> The Great fire destroyed London in 1666. </p><p> </p><center><b>THE FRENCH REVOLUTION</b></center><br />From the enslaved people, songs, chants and demands,<br />The princes and lords are held captive in prisons:<br />In the future by such headless idiots<br />These will be taken as divine utterances.<br />(Century 1, Quatrain 14) <p> Before the war comes,<br />the great wall will fall,<br />The King will be executed, his death coming too soon will be lamented.<br />(The guards) will swim in blood,<br /> Near the River Seine the soil will be bloodied.<br />(Century 2, Quatrain 57) </p><p> On July 14th, 1789 the walls of the Bastille, the prison which stood as a symbol to the detested monarchy, were stormed. This was a precursor to the revolution that shook France, and to the rise, and fall, of the guillotine, that stood on the banks of the River Seine. </p><p> </p><center><b>EMPEROR NAPOLEON</b></center> <p> PAU, NAY, LORON will be more of fire than of the blood,<br />To swim in praise,<br />the great one to flee to the confluence.<br />He will refuse entry to the Piuses,<br />The depraved ones and the Durance will keep them imprisoned.<br />(Century 8, Quatrain 1) </p><p> This quotation is vintage Nostradamus. He is employing one of his favourite devices: the anagram. "PAU, NAY, LORON" when rearranged becomes NAPAULON ROY, or Napoleon the king, given the Corsican spelling of his name, Napauleone. The text also describes him as a man of 'fire', or of war, rather 'than of the blood', or of royal lineage. The 'Piuses' of the third line are the Popes Pius VI and Pius VII, who were both imprisoned by Napoleon as the fourth line suggests. </p><p> </p><center><b>WW II AND <a linkindex="0" href="http://www.crystalinks.com/hitler.html">HITLER </a></b> <p> <img src="http://www.crystalinks.com/hitler.gif" /></p></center> <p> From the deepest part of Western Europe<br />A young child will be born to poor people<br />Who will by his speech seduce a great multitude,<br />His reputation will increase in the Kingdom of the East"<br />(Century 3, Quatrain 35) </p><p> Beasts ferocious with hunger will cross the rivers,<br />The greater part of the battlefield will be against Hister.<br />Into a cage of iron will the great one be drawn,<br />When the child of Germany observes nothing.<br />(Century 2, Quatrain 24) </p><p> In the year very not far from Venus,<br />The two greatest ones of Asia and of Africa:<br />They are said to have come from the Rhine and from<br />Hister Cries, tears at Malta and the Ligurian sea-coast.<br />(Century 4, Quatrain 68) </p><p> Liberty will not be regained,<br />It will be occupied by a black, proud, villainous and unjust man:<br />When the matter of the Pontiff is opened,<br />The republic of Venice will be vexed by Hister.<br />(Century 5, Quatrain 29) </p><p> The shocking and infamous armed one will fear the great furnace,<br />First the chosen one, the captives not returning<br />The world's lowest crime, the Angry Female Irale - Israel - not at ease,<br />Barb, Hister, Malta, and the Empty One does not return. </p><p> Hitler is referred to as Hister - not only be name but by birthplace. Hister is the Latin for the river Danube on whose shores Hitler was born. The first quatrain provide general background - his parents were poor - his power as an orator needs no description here - and of course Hitler had a catastrophic influence over Japan, the Kingdom of the East. </p><p> </p><center><b>THE KENNEDY ASSASSINATIONS</b></center> <p> The ancient work will be accomplished,<br />And from the roof evil ruin will fall on the great man:<br />They will accuse an innocent, being dead, of the deed:<br />The guilty one is hidden in the misty copse.<br />(Century 6, Quatrain 37) </p><p> The great man will be struck down in the day by a thunderbolt,<br />The evil deed predicted by the bearer of a petition:<br />According to the prediction another falls at night,<br />Conflict in Reims, London, and pestilence in Tuscany.<br />(Century 1, Quatrain 27) </p><p> </p><center><img src="http://www.crystalinks.com/jfk.gif" /></center> <p> As per his prediction - JFK was shot in the day, at 12 noon, and his brother Robert Kennedy was shot at night, at 1 am. The last line dates the assassinations. For there were student riots in London and Paris in 1968, and in 1966 a flood hit Florence that prompted fears of pestilence. JFK was shot in 1963 and his brother in 1968. The alleged conspiracy that surrounded the assassination was the subject of another of Nostradamus' quatrains. </p>Lee Harvey Oswald was reputed to have shot Kennedy from the sixth floor of the Book Depository, is this 'the roof' that is mentioned in second line? Or is 'the roof' a metaphor for the conspiracy performed by the CIA, previously Kennedy's protection, his 'roof'. The third line suggests that Lee Harvey Oswald was in fact innocent, and 'the misty wood' of the fourth line may describe either the trees around the grassy knowle, or the misty woods of the secret serviceDROUSHKAhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07119855520563971451noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3620486789052227667.post-123130693247591222009-04-22T01:03:00.000-07:002009-04-22T01:04:06.279-07:00Quatrains - Century X<center><br /></center> <p> </p><center><img src="http://www.crystalinks.com/nostradamus4.gif" /> <p> <img src="http://www.crystalinks.com/nosty716.jpg" /></p></center> <p><br />1<br />To the enemy, the enemy faith promised<br />Will not be kept, the captives retained:<br />One near death captured, and the remainder in their shirts,<br />The remainder damned for being supported. </p><p> 2<br />The ship's veil will hide the sail galley,<br />The great fleet will come the lesser one to go out:<br />Ten ships near will turn to drive it back,<br />The great one conquered the united ones to join to itself. </p><p> 3<br />After that five will not put out the flock,<br />A fugitive for Penelon he will turn loose:<br />To murmur falsely then help to come,<br />The chief will then abandon the siege. </p><p> 4<br />At midnight the leader of the army<br />Will save himself, suddenly vanished:<br />Seven years later his reputation unblemished,<br />To his return they will never say yes. </p><p> 5<br />Albi and Castres will form a new league,<br />Nine Arians Lisbon and the Portuguese:<br />Carcassonne and Toulouse will end their intrigue,<br />When the chief new monster from the Lauraguais. </p><p> 6<br />The Gardon will flood Nîmes so high<br />That they will believe Deucalion reborn:<br />Into the colossus the greater part will flee,<br />Vesta tomb fire to appear extinguished. </p><p> 7<br />The great conflict that they are preparing for Nancy,<br />The Macedonian will say I subjugate all:<br />The British Isle in anxiety over wine and salt,<br />"Hem. mi." Philip two Metz will not hold for long. </p><p> 8<br />With forefinger and thumb he will moisten the forehead,<br />The Count of Senigallia to his own son:<br />The Venus through several of thin forehead,<br />Three in seven days wounded dead. </p><p> 9<br />In the Castle of Figueras on a misty day<br />A sovereign prince will be born of an infamous woman:<br />Surname of breeches on the ground will make him posthumous,<br />Never was there a King so very bad in his province. </p><p> 10<br />Stained with murder and enormous adulteries,<br />Great enemy of the entire human race:<br />One who will be worse than his grandfathers, uncles or fathers,<br />In steel, fire, waters, bloody and inhuman. </p><p> 11<br />At the dangerous passage below Junquera,<br />The posthumous one will have his band cross:<br />To pass the Pyrenees mountains without his baggage,<br />From Perpignan the duke will hasten to Tende. </p><p> 12<br />Elected Pope, as elected he will be mocked,<br />Suddenly unexpectedly moved prompt and timid:<br />Through too much goodness and kindness provoked to die,<br />Fear extinguished guides the night of his death. </p><p> 13<br />Beneath the food of ruminating animals,<br />led by them to the belly of the fodder city:<br />Soldiers hidden, their arms making a noise,<br />Tried not far from the city of Antibes. </p><p> 14<br />Urnel Vaucile without a purpose on his own,<br />Bold, timid, through fear overcome and captured:<br />Accompanied by several pale whores,<br />Convinced in the Carthusian convent at Barcelona. </p><p> 15<br />Father duke old in years and choked by thirst,<br />On his last day his don denying him the jug:<br />Into the well plunged alive he will come up dead,<br />Senate to the thread death long and light. </p><p> 16<br />Happy in the realm of France, happy in life,<br />Ignorant of blood, death, fury and plunder:<br />For a flattering name he will be envied,<br />A concealed King, too much faith in the kitchen. </p><p> 17<br />The convict Queen seeing her daughter pale,<br />Because of a sorrow locked up in her breast:<br />Lamentable cries will come then from Angouleme,<br />And the marriage of the first cousin impeded. </p><p> 18<br />The house of Lorraine will make way for Vendome,<br />The high put low, and the low put high:<br />The son of Mammon will be elected in Rome,<br />And the two great ones will be put at a loss. </p><p> 19<br />The day that she will be hailed as Queen,<br />The day after the benediction the prayer:<br />The reckoning is right and valid,<br />Once humble never was one so proud. </p><p> 20<br />All the friend who will have belonged to the party,<br />For the rude in letters put to death and plundered:<br />Property up for sale at fixed price the great one annihilated.<br />Never were the Roman people so wronged. </p><p> 21<br />Through the spite of the King supporting the lesser one,<br />He will be murdered presenting the jewels to him:<br />The father wishing to impress nobility on the son<br />Does as the Magi did of yore in Persia. </p><p> 22 For not wishing to consent to the divorce,<br />Which then afterwards will be recognized as unworthy:<br />The King of the Isles will be driven out by force,<br />In his place put one who will have no mark of a king. </p><p> 23 The remonstrances made to the ungrateful people,<br />Thereupon the army will seize Antibes:<br />The complaints will place Monace in the arch,<br />And at Fréjus the one will take the shore from the other </p><p> 24<br />The captive prince conquered in Italy<br />Will pass Genoa by sea as far as Marseilles:<br />Through great exertion by the foreigners overcome,<br />Safe from gunshot, barrel of bee's liquor. </p><p> 25 Through the Ebro to open the passage of Bisanne,<br />Very far away will the Tagus make a demonstration:<br />In Pelligouxe will the outrage be committed,<br />By the great lady seated in the orchestra. </p><p> 26 The successor will avenge his brother-in-law,<br />To occupy the realm under the shadow of vengeance:<br />Obstacle slain his blood for the death blame,<br />For a long time will Brittany hold with France. </p><p> 27<br />Through the fifth one and a great Hercules<br />They will come to open the temple by hand of war:<br />One Clement, Julius and Ascanius set back,<br />The sword, key, eagle, never was there such a great animosity. </p><p> 28<br />Second and third which make prime music<br />By the King to be sublimated in honor:<br />Through the fat and the thin almost emaciated,<br />By the false report of Venus to be debased. </p><p> 29<br />In a cave of Saint-Paul-de-Mausole a goat<br />Hidden and seized pulled out by the beard:<br />Led captive like a mastiff beast<br />By the Bigorre people brought to near Tarbes. </p><p> 30<br />Nephew and blood of the new saint come,<br />Through the surname he will sustain arches and roof:<br />They will be driven out put to death chased nude,<br />Into red and black will they convert their green. </p><p> 31<br />The Holy Empire will come into Germany,<br />The Ishmaelites will find open places:<br />The asses will want also Carmania,<br />The supporters all covered by earth. </p><p> 32<br />The great empire, everyone would be of it,<br />One will come to obtain it over the others:<br />But his realm and state will be of short duration,<br />Two years will he be able to maintain himself on the sea. </p><p> 33<br />The cruel faction in the long robe<br />Will come to hide under the sharp daggers:<br />The Duke to seize Florence and the diphthong place,<br />Its discovery by immature ones and sycophants. </p><p> 34<br />The Gaul who will hold the empire through war,<br />He will be betrayed by his minor brother-in-law:<br />He will be drawn by a fierce, prancing horse,<br />The brother will be hated for the deed for a long time </p><p> 35<br />The younger son of the king flagrant in burning lust<br />To enjoy his first cousin:<br />Female attire in the Temple of Artemis,<br />Going to be murdered by the unknown one of Maine. </p><p> 36<br />Upon the King of the stump speaking of wars,<br />The United Isle will hold him in contempt:<br />For several good years one gnawing and pillaging,<br />Through tyranny in the isle esteem changing. </p><p> 37<br />The great assembly near the Lake of Bourget,<br />They will meet near Montmelian:<br />Going beyond the thoughtful ones will draw up a plan,<br />Chambéry, Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne, Saint-Julien combat. </p><p> 38<br />Sprightly love lays the siege not far,<br />The garrisons will be at the barbarian saint:<br />The Orsini and Adria will provide a guarantee for the Gauls,<br />For fear delivered by the army to the Grisons. </p><p> 39<br />First son, widow, unfortunate marriage,<br />Without any children two Isles in discord:<br />Before eighteen, incompetent age,<br />For the other one the betrothal will take place while younger. </p><p> 40<br />The young heir to the British realm,<br />Whom his dying father will have recommended:<br />The latter dead Lonole will dispute with him,<br />And from the son the realm demanded. </p><p> 41<br />On the boundary of Caussade and Caylus,<br />Not at all far from the bottom of the valley:<br />Music from Villefranche to the sound of lutes,<br />Encompassed by cymbals and great stringing. </p><p> 42<br />The humane realm of Anglican offspring,<br />It will cause its realm to hold to peace and union:<br />War half-captive in its enclosure,<br />For long will it cause them to maintain peace. </p><p> 43<br />Too much good times, too much of royal goodness,<br />Ones made and unmade, quick, sudden, neglectful:<br />Lightly will he believe falsely of his loyal wife,<br />He put to death through his benevolence. </p><p> 44<br />When a King will be against his people,<br />A native of Blois will subjugate the Ligurians,<br />Memel, Cordoba and the Dalmatians,<br />Of the seven then the shadow to the King, New Year's money and ghosts. </p><p> 45<br />The shadow of the realm of Navarre untrue,<br />It will make his life one of fate unlawful:<br />The vow made in Cambrai wavering,<br />King Orléans will give a lawful wall. </p><p> 46<br />In life, fate and death a sordid, unworthy man of gold,<br />He will not be a new Elector of Saxony:<br />From Brunswick he will send for a sign of love,<br />The false seducer delivering it to the people. </p><p> 47<br />At the Garland lady of the town of Burgos,<br />They will impose for the treason committed:<br />The great prelate of Leon through Formande,<br />Undone by false pilgrims and ravishers. </p><p> 48<br />Banners of the deepest part of Spain,<br />Coming out from the tip and ends of Europe:<br />Troubles passing near the bridge of Laigne,<br />Its great army will be routed by a band. </p><p> 49<br />Garden of the world near the new city,<br />In the path of the hollow mountains:<br />It will be seized and plunged into the Tub,<br />Forced to drink waters poisoned by sulfur. </p><p> 50<br />The Meuse by day in the land of Luxembourg,<br />It will find Saturn and three in the urn:<br />Mountain and plain, town, city and borough,<br />Flood in Lorraine, betrayed by the great urn. </p><p> 51<br />Some of the lowest places of the land of Lorraine<br />Will be united with the Low Germans:<br />Through those of the see Picards, Normans, those of Main,<br />And they will be joined to the cantons. </p><p> 52<br />At the place where the Lys and the Scheldt unite,<br />The nuptials will be arranged for a long time:<br />At the place in Antwerp where they carry the chaff,<br />Young old age wife undefiled. </p><p> 53<br />The three concubines will fight each other for a long time,<br />The greatest one the least will remain to watch:<br />The great Selin will no longer be her patron,<br />She will call him fire shield white route. </p><p> 54<br />She born in this world of a furtive concubine,<br />At two raised high by the sad news:<br />She will be taken captive by her enemies,<br />And brought to Malines and Brussels. </p><p> 55<br />The unfortunate nuptials will be celebrated<br />In great joy but the end unhappy:<br />Husband and mother will slight the daughter-in-law,<br />The Apollo dead and the daughter-in-law more pitiful. </p><p> 56<br />The royal prelate his bowing too low,<br />A great flow of blood will come out of his mouth:<br />The Anglican realm a realm pulled out of danger,<br />For long dead as a stump alive in Tunis. </p><p> 57<br />The uplifted one will not know his scepter,<br />He will disgrace the young children of the greatest ones:<br />Never was there a more filthy and cruel being,<br />For their wives the king will banish them to death. </p><p> 58<br />In the time of mourning the feline monarch<br />Will make war upon the young Macedonian:<br />Gaul to shake, the bark to be in jeopardy,<br />Marseilles to be tried in the West a talk. </p><p> 59 Within Lyons twenty-five of one mind,<br />Five citizens, Germans, Bressans, Latins:<br />Under a noble one they will lead a long train,<br />And discovered by barks of mastiffs. </p><p> 60<br />I weep for Nice, Monaco, Pisa, Genoa,<br />Savona, Siena, Capua, Modena, Malta:<br />For the above blood and sword for a New Year's gift,<br />Fire, the earth will tremble, water an unhappy reluctance. </p><p> 61<br />Betta, Vienna, Emorte, Sopron,<br />They will want to deliver Pannonia to the Barbarians:<br />Enormous violence through pike and fire,<br />The conspirators discovered by a matron. </p><p> 62<br />Near "Sorbia" to assail Hungary,<br />The herald of "Brudes" will come to warn them:<br />Byzantine chief, Salona of Slavonia,<br />He will come to convert them to the law of the Arabs. </p><p> 63<br />Cydonia, Ragusa, the city of St. Jerome,<br />With healing help to grow green again:<br />The King's son dead because of the death of two heroes,<br />Araby and Hungary will take the same course. </p><p> 64<br />Weep Milan, weep Lucca and Florence,<br />As your great Duke climbs into the chariot:<br />The see to change it advances to near Venice,<br />When at Rome the Colonna will change. </p><p> 65<br />O vast Rome, thy ruin approaches,<br />Not of thy walls, of thy blood and substance:<br />The one harsh in letters will make a very horrible notch,<br />Pointed steel driven into all up to the hilt. </p><p> 66<br />The chief of London through the realm of America,<br />The Isle of Scotland will be tried by frost:<br />King and Reb will face an Antichrist so false,<br />That he will place them in the conflict all together. </p><p> 67<br />A very mighty trembling in the month of May,<br />Saturn in Capricorn, Jupiter and Mercury in Taurus:<br />Venus also, Cancer, Mars in Virgo,<br />Hail will fall larger than an egg. </p><p> 68<br />The army of the sea will stand before the city,<br />Then it will leave without making a long passage:<br />A great flock of citizens will be seized on land,<br />Fleet to return to seize it great robbery. </p><p> 69<br />The shining deed of the old one exalted anew,<br />Through the South and Aquilon they will be very great:<br />Raised by his own sister great crowds,<br />Fleeing, murdered in the thicket of Ambellon. </p><p> 70<br />Through an object the eye will swell very much,<br />Burning so much that the snow will fall:<br />The fields watered will come to shrink,<br />As the primate succumbs at Reggio. </p><p> 71<br />The earth and air will freeze a very great sea,<br />When they will come to venerate Thursday:<br />That which will be never was it so fair,<br />From the four parts they will come to honor it. </p><p> 72<br />The year 1999, seventh month,<br />From the sky will come a great King of Terror:<br />To bring back to life the great King of the Mongols,<br />Before and after Mars to reign by good luck. </p><p> 73<br />The present time together with the past<br />Will be judged by the great Joker:<br />The world too late will be tired of him,<br />And through the clergy oath-taker disloyal. </p><p> 74<br />The year of the great seventh number accomplished,<br />It will appear at the time of the games of slaughter:<br />Not far from the great millennial age,<br />When the buried will go out from their tombs. </p><p> 75<br />Long awaited he will never return<br />In Europe, he will appear in Asia:<br />One of the league issued from the great Hermes,<br />And he will grow over all the Kings of the East. </p><p> 76<br />The great Senate will ordain the triumph<br />For one who afterwards will be vanquished, driven out:<br />At the sound of the trumpet of his adherents there will be<br />Put up for sale their possessions, enemies expelled.<br /></p><p> 77<br />Thirty adherents of the order of Quirites<br />Banished, their possessions given their adversaries:<br />All their benefits will be taken as misdeeds,<br />Fleet dispersed, delivered to the Corsairs. </p><p> 78<br />Sudden joy to sudden sadness,<br />It will occur at Rome for the graces embraced:<br />Grief, cries, tears, weeping, blood, excellent mirth,<br />Contrary bands surprised and trussed up. </p><p> 79<br />The old roads will all be improved,<br />One will proceed on them to the modern Memphis:<br />The great Mercury of Hercules fleur-de-lis,<br />Causing to tremble lands, sea and country. </p><p> 80<br />In the realm the great one of the great realm reigning,<br />Through force of arms the great gates of brass<br />He will cause to open, the King and Duke joining,<br />Fort demolished, ship to the bottom, day serene. </p><p> 81<br />A treasure placed in a temple by Hesperian citizens,<br />Therein withdrawn to a secret place:<br />The hungry bonds to open the temple,<br />Retaken, ravished, a horrible prey in the midst. </p><p> 82<br />Cries, weeping, tears will come with knives,<br />Seeming to flee, they will deliver a final attack,<br />Parks around to set up high platforms,<br />The living pushed back and murdered instantly. </p><p> 83<br />The signal to give battle will not be given,<br />They will be obliged to go out of the park:<br />The banner around Ghent will be recognized,<br />Of him who will cause all his followers to be put to death. </p><p> 84<br />The illegitimate girl so high, high, not low,<br />The late return will make the grieved ones contended:<br />The Reconciled One will not be without debates,<br />In employing and losing all his time. </p><p> 85<br />The old tribune on the point of trembling,<br />He will be pressed not to deliver the captive:<br />The will, non-will, speaking the timid evil,<br />To deliver to his friends lawfully. </p><p> 86<br />Like a griffin will come the King of Europe,<br />Accompanied by those of Aquilon:<br />He will lead a great troop of red ones and white ones,<br />And they will go against the King of Babylon. </p><p> 87<br />A Great King will come to take port near Nice,<br />Thus the death of the great empire will be completed:<br />In Antibes will he place his heifer,<br />The plunder by sea all will vanish. </p><p> 88<br />Foot and Horse at the second watch,<br />They will make an entry devastating all by sea:<br />Within the port of Marseilles he will enter,<br />Tears, cries, and blood, never times so bitter. </p><p> 89<br />The walls will be converted from brick to marble,<br />Seven and fifty pacific years:<br />Joy to mortals, the aqueduct renewed,<br />Health, abundance of fruits, joy and mellifluous times. </p><p> 90<br />A hundred times will the inhuman tyrant die,<br />In his place put one learned and mild,<br />The entire Senate will be under his hand,<br />He will be vexed by a rash scoundrel. </p><p> 91<br />In the year 1609, Roman clergy,<br />At the beginning of the year you will hold an election:<br />Of one gray and black issued from Campania,<br />Never was there one so wicked as he. </p><p> 92<br />Before his father the child will be killed,<br />The father afterwards between ropes of rushes:<br />The people of Geneva will have exerted themselves,<br />The chief lying in the middle like a log. </p><p> 93<br />The new bark will take trips,<br />There and near by they will transfer the Empire:<br />Beaucaire, Arles will retain the hostages,<br />Near by, two columns of Porphyry found. </p><p> 94<br />Scorn from Nîmes, from Arles and Vienne,<br />Not to obey the Hesperian edict:<br />To the tormented to condemn the great one,<br />Six escaped in seraphic garb. </p><p> 95<br />To the Spains will come a very powerful King,<br />By land and sea subjugating the South:<br />This evil will cause, lowering again the crescent,<br />Clipping the wings of those of Friday. </p><p> 96<br />The Religion of the name of the seas will win out<br />Against the sect of the son of Adaluncatif:<br />The stubborn, lamented sect will be afraid<br />Of the two wounded by A and A. </p><p> 97<br />Triremes full of captives of every age,<br />Good time for bad, the sweet for the bitter:<br />Prey to the Barbarians hasty they will be too soon,<br />Anxious to see the feather wail in the wind. </p><p> 98<br />For the merry maid the bright splendor<br />Will shine no longer, for long will she be without salt:<br />With merchants, bullies, wolves odious,<br />All confusion universal monster. </p><p> 99<br />The end of wolf, lion, ox and ass,<br />Timid deer they will be with mastiffs:<br />No longer will the sweet manna fall upon them,<br />More vigilance and watch for the mastiffs. </p><p> 100<br />The great empire will be for England,<br />The all-powerful one for more than three hundred years:<br />Great forces to pass by sea and land,<br />The Lusitanians will not be satisfied thereby. </p>DROUSHKAhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07119855520563971451noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3620486789052227667.post-12931904232182985812009-04-22T01:02:00.002-07:002009-04-22T01:03:10.475-07:00Quatrains - Century IX<pre><center><br /></center><br /><br /><br />1<br />In the house of the translator of Bourg,<br />The letters will be found on the table,<br />One-eyed, red-haired, white, hoary-headed will hold the course,<br />Which will change for the new Constable.<br /><br />2<br />From the top of the Aventine hill a voice heard,<br />Be gone, be gone all of you on both sides:<br />The anger will be appeased by the blood of the red ones,<br />From Rimini and Prato, the Colonna expelled.<br /><br />3<br />The "great cow" at Racenna in great trouble,<br />Led by fifteen shut up at Fornase:<br />At Rome there will be born two double-headed monsters,<br />Blood, fire, flood, the greatest ones in space.<br /><br />4<br />The following year discoveries through flood,<br />Two chiefs elected, the first one will not hold:<br />The refuge for the one of them fleeing a shadow,<br />The house of which will maintain the first one plundered.<br /><br />5<br />The third toe will seem first<br />To a new monarch from low high,<br />He who will possess himself as a Tyrant of Pisa and Lucca,<br />To correct the fault of his predecessor.<br /><br />6<br />An infinity of Englishmen in Guienne<br />Will settle under the name of Anglaquitaine:<br />In Languedoc, Ispalme, Bordelais,<br />Which they will name after Barboxitaine.<br /><br />7<br />He who will open the tomb found,<br />And will come to close it promptly,<br />Evil will come to him, and one will be unable to prove,<br />If it would be better to be a Breton or Norman King.<br /><br />8<br />The younger son made King will put his father to death,<br />After the conflict very dishonest death:<br />Inscription found, suspicion will bring remorse,<br />When the wolf driven out lies down ion the bedstead.<br /><br />9<br />When the lamp burning with inextinguishable fire<br />Will be found in the temple of the Vestals:<br />Child found in fire, water passing through the sieve:<br />To perish in water Nîmes, Toulouse the markets to fall.<br /><br />10<br />The child of a monk and nun exposed to death,<br />To die through a she-bear, and carried off by a boar,<br />The army will be camped by Foix and Pamiers,<br />Against Toulouse Carcassonne the harbinger to form.<br /><br />11<br />Wrongly will they come to put the just one to death,<br />In public and in the middle extinguished:<br />So great a pestilence will come to arise in this place,<br />That the judges will be forced to flee.<br /><br />12<br />So much silver of Diana and Mercury,<br />The images will be found in the lake:<br />The sculptor looking for new clay,<br />He and his followers will be steeped in gold.<br /><br />13<br />The exiles around Sologne,<br />Led by night to march into Auxois,<br />Two of Modena for Bologna cruel,<br />Placed discovered by the fire of Buzanais.<br /><br />14<br />Dyers' caldrons put on the flat surface,<br />Wine, honey and oil, and built over furnaces:<br />They will be immersed, innocent, pronounced malefactors,<br />Seven of Bordeaux smoke still in the cannon.<br /><br />15<br />Near Perpignan the red ones detained,<br />Those of the middle completely ruined led far off:<br />Three cut in pieces, and five badly supported,<br />For the Lord and Prelate of Burgundy.<br /><br />16<br />Out of Castelfranco will come the assembly,<br />The ambassador not agreeable will cause a schism:<br />Those of Riviera will be in the squabble,<br />And they will refuse entry to the great gulf.<br /><br />17<br />The third one first does worse than Nero,<br />How much human blood to flow, valiant, be gone:<br />He will cause the furnace to be rebuilt,<br />Golden Age dead, new King great scandal.<br /><br />18<br />The lily of the Dauphin will reach into Nancy,<br />As far as Flanders the Elector of the Empire:<br />New confinement for the great Montmorency,<br />Outside proven places delivered to celebrated punishment.<br /><br />19<br />In the middle of the forest of Mayenne,<br />Lightning will fall, the Sun in Leo:<br />The great bastard issued from the great one Maine,<br />On this day a point will enter the blood of Fougères.<br /><br />20<br />By night will come through the forest of Reines,<br />Two couples roundabout route Queen the white stone,<br />The monk king in gray in Varennes:<br />Elected Capet causes tempest, fire, blood, slice.<br /><br />21<br />At the tall temple of Saint-Solenne at Blois,<br />Night Loire bridge, Prelate, King killing outright:<br />Crushing victory in the marshes of the pond,<br />Whence prelacy of whites miscarrying.<br /><br />22<br />The King and his court in the place of cunning tongue,<br />Within the temple facing the palace:<br />In the garden the Duke of Mantua and Alba,<br />Alba and Mantua dagger tongue and palace.<br /><br />23<br />The younger son playing outdoors under the arbor,<br />The top of the roof in the middle on his head,<br />The father King in the temple of Saint-Solonne,<br />Sacrificing he will consecrate festival smoke.<br /><br />24<br />Upon the palace at the balcony of the windows,<br />The two little royal ones will be carried off:<br />To pass Orléans, Paris, abbey of Saint-Denis,<br />Nun, wicked ones to swallow green pits.<br /><br />25<br />Crossing the bridges to come near the Roisiers,<br />Sooner than he thought, he arrived late.<br />The new Spaniards will come to Béziers,<br />So that this chase will break the enterprise.<br /><br />26<br />Departed by the bitter letters the surname of Nice,<br />The great Cappe will present something, not his own;<br />Near Voltai at the wall of the green columns,<br />After Piombino the wind in good earnest.<br /><br />27<br />The forester, the wind will be close around the bridge,<br />Received highly, he will strike the Dauphin.<br />The old craftsman will pass through the woods in a company,<br />Going far beyond the right borders of the Duke.<br /><br />28<br />The Allied fleet from the port of Marseilles,<br />In Venice harbor to march against Hungary.<br />To leave from the gulf and the bay of Illyria,<br />Devastation in Sicily, for the Ligurians, cannon shot.<br /><br />29<br />When the man will give way to none,<br />Will wish to abandon a place taken, yet not taken;<br />Ship afire through the swamps, bitumen at Charlieu,<br />St. Quintin and Calais will be recaptured.<br /><br />30<br />At the port of Pola and of San Nicolo,<br />A Normand will punish in the Gulf of Quarnero:<br />Capet to cry alas in the streets of Byzantium,<br />Help from Cadiz and the great Philip.<br /><br />31<br />The tin island of St. George half sunk;<br />Drowsy with peace, war will arise,<br />At Easter in the temple abysses opened.<br /><br />32<br />A deep column of fine porphyry is found,<br />Inscriptions of the Capitol under the base;<br />Bones, twisted hair, the Roman strength tried,<br />The fleet is stirred at the harbor of Mitylene.<br /><br />33<br />Hercules King of Rome and of "Annemark,"<br />With the surname of the chief of triple Gaul,<br />Italy and the one of St. Mark to tremble,<br />First monarch renowned above all.<br /><br />34<br />The single part afflicted will be mitered,<br />Return conflict to pass over the tile:<br />For five hundred one to betray will be titled<br />Narbonne and Salces we have oil for knives.<br /><br />35<br />And fair Ferdinand will be detached,<br />To abandon the flower, to follow the Macedonian:<br />In the great pinch his course will fail,<br />And he will march against the Myrmidons.<br /><br />36<br />A great King taken by the hands of a young man,<br />Not far from Easter confusion knife thrust:<br />Everlasting captive times what lightning on the top,<br />When three brothers will wound each other and murder.<br /><br />37<br />Bridge and mills overturned in December,<br />The Garonne will rise to a very high place:<br />Walls, edifices, Toulouse overturned,<br />So that none will know his place like a matron.<br /><br />38<br />The entry at Blaye for La Rochelle and the English,<br />The great Macedonian will pass beyond:<br />Not far from Agen will wait the Gaul,<br />Narbonne help beguiled through conversation.<br /><br />39<br />In Albisola to Veront and Carcara,<br />Led by night to seize Savona:<br />The quick Gascon La Turbie and L'Escarène:<br />Behind the wall old and new palace to seize.<br /><br />40<br />Near Saint-Quintin in the forest deceived,<br />In the Abbey the Flemish will be cut up:<br />The two younger sons half-stunned by blows,<br />The rest crushed and the guard all cut to pieces.<br /><br />41<br />The great "Chyren" will seize Avignon,<br />From Rome letters in honey full of bitterness:<br />Letter and embassy to leave from Chanignon,<br />Carpentras taken by a black duke with a red feather.<br /><br />42<br />From Barcelona, from Genoa and Venice,<br />From Sicily pestilence Monaco joined:<br />They will take their aim against the Barbarian fleet,<br />Barbarian driven 'way back as far as Tunis.<br /><br />43<br />On the point of landing the Crusader army<br />Will be ambushed by the Ishmaelites,<br />Struck from all sides by the ship Impetuosity,<br />Rapidly attacked by ten elite galleys.<br /><br />44<br />Leave, leave Geneva every last one of you,<br />Saturn will be converted from gold to iron,<br />Raypoz will exterminate all who oppose him,<br />Before the coming the sky will show signs.<br /><br />45<br />None will remain to ask,<br />Great Mendosus will obtain his dominion:<br />Far from the court he will cause to be countermanded<br />Piedmont, Picardy, Paris, Tuscany the worst.<br /><br />46<br />Be gone, flee from Toulouse ye red ones,<br />For the sacrifice to make expiation:<br />The chief cause of the evil under the shade of pumpkins:<br />Dead to strangle carnal prognostication.<br /><br />47<br />The undersigned to an infamous deliverance,<br />And having contrary advice from the multitude:<br />Monarch changes put in danger over thought,<br />Shut up in a cage they will see each other face to face.<br /><br />48<br />The great city of the maritime Ocean,<br />Surrounded by a crystalline swamp:<br />In the winter solstice and the spring,<br />It will be tried by frightful wind.<br /><br />49<br />Ghent and Brussels will march against Antwerp,<br />The Senate of London will put to death their King:<br />Salt and wine will overthrow him,<br />To have them the realm turned upside down.<br /><br />50<br />Mendosus will soon come to his high realm,<br />Putting behind a little the Lorrainers:<br />The pale red one, the male in the interregnum,<br />The fearful youth and Barbaric terror.<br /><br />51<br />Against the red ones sects will conspire,<br />Fire, water, steel, rope through peace will weaken:<br />On the point of dying those who will plot,<br />Except one who above all the world will ruin.<br /><br />52<br />Peace is nigh on one side, and war,<br />Never was the pursuit of it so great:<br />To bemoan men, women innocent blood on the land,<br />And this will be throughout all France.<br /><br />53<br />The young Nero in the three chimneys<br />Will cause live pages to be thrown to burn:<br />Happy those who will be far away from such practices,<br />Three of his blood will have him ambushed to death.<br /><br />54<br />There will arrive at Porto Corsini,<br />Near Ravenna, he who will plunder the lady:<br />In the deep sea legate from Lisbon,<br />Hidden under a rock they will carry off seventy souls.<br /><br />55<br />The horrible war which is being prepared in the West,<br />The following year will come the pestilence<br />So very horrible that young, old, nor beast,<br />Blood, fire Mercury, Mars, Jupiter in France.<br /><br />56<br />The army near Houdan will pass Goussainville,<br />And at Maiotes it will leave its mark:<br />In an instant more than a thousand will be converted,<br />Looking for the two to put them back in chain and firewood.<br /><br />57<br />In the place of Drux a King will rest,<br />And will look for a law changing Anathema:<br />While the sky will thunder so very loudly,<br />New entry the King will kill himself.<br /><br />58<br />On the left side at the spot of Vitry,<br />The three red ones of France will be awaited:<br />All felled red, black one not murdered,<br />By the Bretons restored to safety.<br /><br />59<br />At La Ferté-Vidame he will seize,<br />Nicholas held red who had produced his life:<br />The great Louise who will act secretly one will be born,<br />Giving Burgundy to the Bretons through envy.<br /><br />60<br />Conflict Barbarian in the black Headdress,<br />Blood shed, Dalmatia to tremble:<br />Great Ishmael will set up his promontory,<br />Frogs to tremble Lusitania aid.<br /><br />61<br />The plunder made upon the marine coast,<br />In Cittanova and relatives brought forward:<br />Several of Malta through the deed of Messina<br />Will be closely confined poorly rewarded.<br /><br />62<br />To the great one of Ceramon-agora,<br />The crusaders will all be attached by rank,<br />The long-lasting Opium and Mandrake,<br />The Raugon will be released on the third of October.<br /><br />63<br />Complaints and tears, cries and great howls,<br />Near Narbonne at Bayonne and in Foix:<br />Oh, what horrible calamities and changes,<br />Before Mars has made several revolutions.<br /><br />64<br />The Macedonian to pass the Pyrenees mountains,<br />In March Narbonne will not offer resistance:<br />By land and sea he will carry on very great intrigue,<br />Capetian having no land safe for residence.<br /><br />65<br />He will come to go into the corner of Luna,<br />Where he will be captured and put in a strange land:<br />The unripe fruits will be the subject of great scandal,<br />Great blame, to one great praise.<br /><br />66<br />There will be peace, union and change,<br />Estates, offices, low high and high very low:<br />To prepare a trip, the first offspring torment,<br />War to cease, civil process, debates.<br /><br />67<br />From the height of the mountains around the Isère,<br />One hundred assembled at the haven in the rock Valence:<br />From Châteauneuf, Pierrelatte, in Donzère,<br />Against Crest, Romans, faith assembled.<br /><br />68<br />The noble of Mount Aymar will be made obscure,<br />The evil will come at the junction of the Saône and Rhône:<br />Soldiers hidden in the woods on Lucy's day,<br />Never was there so horrible a throne.<br /><br />69<br />One the mountain of Saint-Bel and L'Arbresle<br />The proud one of Grenoble will be hidden:<br />Beyond Lyons and Vienne on them a very great hail,<br />Lobster on the land not a third thereof will remain.<br /><br />70<br />Sharp weapons hidden in the torches.<br />In Lyons, the day of the Sacrament,<br />Those of Vienne will all be cut to pieces,<br />By the Latin Cantons Mâcon does not lie.<br /><br />71<br />At the holy places animals seen with hair,<br />With him who will not dare the day:<br />At Carcassonne propitious for disgrace,<br />He will be set for a more ample stay.<br /><br />72<br />Again will the holy temples be polluted,<br />And plundered by the Senate of Toulouse:<br />Saturn two three cycles completed,<br />In April, May, people of new leaven.<br /><br />73<br />The Blue Turban King entered into Foix,<br />And he will reign less than an evolution of Saturn:<br />The White Turban King Byzantium heart banished,<br />Sun, Mars and Mercury near Aquarius.<br /><br />74<br />In the city of Fertsod homicide,<br />Deed, and deed many oxen plowing no sacrifice:<br />Return again to the honors of Artemis,<br />And to Vulcan bodies dead ones to bury.<br /><br />75<br />From Ambracia and the country of Thrace<br />People by sea, evil and help from the Gauls:<br />In Provence the perpetual trace,<br />With vestiges of their custom and laws.<br /><br />76<br />With the rapacious and blood-thirsty king,<br />Issued from the pallet of the inhuman Nero:<br />Between two rivers military hand left,<br />He will be murdered by Young Baldy.<br /><br />77<br />The realm taken the King will conspire,<br />The lady taken to death ones sworn by lot:<br />They will refuse life to the Queen and son,<br />And the mistress at the fort of the wife.<br /><br />78<br />The Greek lady of ugly beauty,<br />Made happy by countless suitors:<br />Transferred out to the Spanish realm,<br />Taken captive to die a miserable death.<br /><br />79<br />The chief of the fleet through deceit and trickery<br />Will make the timid ones come out of their galleys:<br />Come out, murdered, the chief renouncer of chrism,<br />Then through ambush they will pay him his wages.<br /><br />80<br />The Duke will want to exterminate his followers,<br />He will send the strongest ones to strange places:<br />Through tyranny to ruin Pisa and Lucca,<br />Then the Barbarians will gather the grapes without vine.<br /><br />81<br />The crafty King will understand his snares,<br />Enemies to assail from three sides:<br />A strange number tears from hoods,<br />The grandeur of the translator will come to fail.<br /><br />82<br />By the flood and fierce pestilence,<br />The great city for long besieged:<br />The sentry and guard dead by hand,<br />Sudden capture but none wronged.<br /><br />83<br />Sun twentieth of Taurus the earth will tremble very mightily,<br />It will ruin the great theater filled:<br />To darken and trouble air, sky and land,<br />Then the infidel will call upon God and saints.<br /><br />84<br />The King exposed will complete the slaughter,<br />After having discovered his origin:<br />Torrent to open the tomb of marble and lead,<br />Of a great Roman with Medusine device.<br /><br />85<br />To pass Guienne, Languedoc and the Rhône,<br />From Agen holding Marmande and La Réole:<br />To open through faith the wall, Marseilles will hold its throne,<br />Conflict near Saint-Paul-de-Mausole.<br /><br />86<br />From Bourg-la-Reine they will come straight to Chartres,<br />And near Pont d'Antony they will pause:<br />Seven crafty as Martens for peace,<br />Paris closed by an army they will enter.<br /><br />87<br />In the forest cleared of the Tuft,<br />By the hermitage will be placed the temple:<br />The Duke of Étampes through the ruse he invented<br />Will teach a lesson to the prelate of Montlhéry.<br /><br />88<br />Calais, Arras, help to Thérouanne,<br />Peace and semblance the spy will simulate:<br />The soldiery of Savoy to descend by Roanne,<br />People who would end the rout deterred.<br /><br />89<br />For seven years fortune will favor Philip,<br />He will beat down again the exertions of the Arabs:<br />Then at his noon perplexing contrary affair,<br />Young Ogmios will destroy his stronghold.<br /><br />90<br />A captain of Great Germany<br />Will come to deliver through false help<br />To the King of Kings the support of Pannonia,<br />So that his revolt will cause a great flow of blood.<br /><br />91<br />The horrible plague Perinthus and Nicopolis,<br />The Peninsula and Macedonia will it fall upon:<br />It will devastate Thessaly and Amphipolis,<br />An unknown evil, and from Anthony refusal.<br /><br />92<br />The King will want to enter the new city,<br />Through its enemies they will come to subdue it:<br />Captive free falsely to speak and act,<br />King to be outside, he will keep far from the enemy.<br /><br />93<br />The enemies very far from the fort,<br />The bastion brought by wagons:<br />Above the walls of Bourges crumbled,<br />When Hercules the Macedonian will strike.<br /><br />94<br />Weak galleys will be joined together,<br />False enemies the strongest on the rampart:<br />Weak ones assailed Bratislava trembles,<br />Lübeck and Meissen will take the barbarian side.<br /><br />95<br />The newly made one will lead the army,<br />Almost cut off up to near the bank:<br />Help from the Milanais elite straining,<br />The Duke deprived of his eyes in Milan in an iron cage.<br /><br />96<br />The army denied entry to the city,<br />The Duke will enter through persuasion:<br />The army led secretly to the weak gates,<br />They will put it to fire and sword, effusion of blood.<br /><br />97<br />The forces of the sea divided into three parts,<br />The second one will run out of supplies,<br />In despair looking for the Elysian Fields,<br />The first ones to enter the breach will obtain the victory.<br /><br />98<br />Those afflicted through the fault of a single one stained,<br />The transgressor in the opposite party:<br />He will send word to those of Lyons that compelled<br />They be to deliver the great chief of Molite.<br /><br />99<br />The "Aquilon" Wind will cause the siege to be raised,<br />Over the walls to throw ashes, lime and dust:<br />Through rain afterwards, which will do them much worse,<br />Last help against their frontier.<br /><br />100<br />Naval battle night will be overcome,<br />Fire in the ships to the West ruin:<br />New trick, the great ship colored,<br />Anger to the vanquished, and victory in a drizzle.</pre>DROUSHKAhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07119855520563971451noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3620486789052227667.post-75403734752784135572009-04-22T01:02:00.001-07:002009-04-22T01:02:27.533-07:00Quatrains - Century VIII<pre><center><br /></center><br /><br /><br />1<br />Pau, Nay, Loron will be more of fire than blood,<br />to swim in praise, the great one to flee to the confluence (of rivers).<br />He will refuse entry to the magpies<br />Pampon and the Durance will keep them confined.<br /><br />2<br />Condom and Auch and around Mirande,<br />I see fire from the sky which encompasses them.<br />Sun and Mars conjoined in Leo, then at Marmande,<br />lightning, great hail, a wall falls into the Garonne.<br /><br />3<br />Within the strong castle of Vigilance and Resviers<br />the younger born of Nancy will be shut up.<br />In Turin the first ones will be burned,<br />when Lyons will be transported with grief.<br /><br />4<br />The cock will be received into Monace,<br />the Cardinal of France will appear;<br />He will be deceived by the Roman legation;<br />weakness to the eagle, strength will be born to the cock.<br /><br />5<br />There will appear a shining ornate temple,<br />the lamp and the candle at Borne and Breteuil.<br />For the canton of Lucerne turned aside,<br />when one will see the great cock in his shroud.<br /><br />6<br />Lighting and brightness are seen at Lyons shining,<br />Malta is taken, suddenly it will be extinguished.<br />Sardon, Maurice will act deceitfully,<br />Geneva to London, feigning treason towards the cock.<br /><br />7<br />Vercelli, Milan will give the news,<br />the wound will be given at Pavia.<br />To run in the Seine, water, blood and fire through Florence,<br />the unique one falling from high to low calling for help.<br /><br />8<br />Near Focia enclosed in some tuns<br />Chivasso will plot for the eagle.<br />The elected one driven out, he and his people shut up,<br />rape with Turin, the bride led away.<br /><br />9<br />While the eagle is united with the cock at Savonna,<br />the Eastern Sea and Hungary.<br />The army at Naples, Palermo, the marches of Ancona,<br />Rome and Venice a great outcry by the Barbarian.<br /><br />10<br />A great stench will come from Lausanne,<br />but they will not know its origin,<br />they will put out all people from distant places,<br />fire seen in the sky, a foreign nation defeated.<br /><br />11<br />A multitude of people will appear at Vicenza<br />without force, fire to burn the Basilica.<br />Near Lunage the great one of Valenza defeated:<br />at a time when Venice takes up the quarrel through custom.<br /><br />12<br />He will appear near to Buffalora<br />the highly born and tall one entered into Milan.<br />The Abbe of Foix with those of Saint-Meur<br />will cause damage dressed up as serfs.<br /><br />13<br />The crusader brother through impassioned love<br />will cause Bellerophon to die through Proteus;<br />the fleet for a thousand years, the maddened woman,<br />the potion drunk, both of them then die.<br /><br />14<br />The great credit of gold and abundance of silver<br />will cause honor to be blinded by lust;<br />the offense of the adulterer will become known,<br />which will occur to his great dishonor.<br /><br />15<br />Great exertions towards the North by a man-woman<br />to vex Europe and almost all the Universe.<br />The two eclipses will be put into such a rout<br />that they will reinforce life or death for the Hungarians.<br /><br />16<br />At the place where HIERON has his ship built,<br />there will be such a great sudden flood,<br />that one will not have a place nor land to fall upon,<br />the waters mount to the Olympic Fesulan.<br /><br />17<br />Those at ease will suddenly be cast down,<br />the world put into trouble by three brothers;<br />their enemies will seize the marine city,<br />hunger, fire, blood, plague, all evils doubled.<br /><br />18<br />The cause of her death will be issued from Florence,<br />one time before drunk by young and old;<br />by the three lilies they will give her a great pause.<br />Save through her offspring as raw meat is dampened.<br /><br />19<br />To support the great troubled Cappe;<br />the reds will march in order to clarify it;<br />a family will be almost overcome by death,<br />the red, red ones will knock down the red one.<br /><br />20<br />The false message about the rigged election<br />to run through the city stopping the broken pact;<br />voices bought, chapel stained with blood,<br />the empire contracted to another one.<br /><br />21<br />Three foists will enter the port of Agde<br />carrying the infection and pestilence, not the faith.<br />Passing the bridge they will carry off a million,<br />the bridge is broken by the resistance of a third.<br /><br />22<br />Coursan, Narbonne through the salt to warn<br />Tuchan, the grace of Perpignan betrayed;<br />the red town will not wish to consent to it,<br />in a high flight, a copy flag and a life ended.<br /><br />23<br />Letters are found in the queen's chests,<br />no signature and no name of the author.<br />The ruse will conceal the offers;<br />so that they do not know who the lover is.<br /><br />24<br />The lieutenant at the door of the house,<br />will knock down the great man of Perpignan.<br />Thinking to save himself at Montpertuis,<br />the bastard of Lusignan will be deceived.<br /><br />25<br />The heart of the lover, awakened by furtive love<br />will ravish the lady in the stream.<br />She will pretend bashfully to be half injured,<br />the father of each will deprive the body of its soul.<br /><br />26<br />The bones of Cato found in Barcelona,<br />placed, discovered, the site found again and ruined.<br />The great one who holds, but does not hold,<br />wants Pamplona, drizzle at the abbey of Montserrat.<br /><br />27<br />The auxiliary way, one arch upon the other,<br />Le Muy deserted except for the brave one and his genet.<br />The writing of the Phoenix Emperor,<br />seen by him which is (shown) to no other.<br /><br />28<br />The copies of gold and silver inflated,<br />which after the theft were thrown into the lake,<br />at the discovery that all is exhausted and dissipated by the debt.<br />All scrips and bonds will be wiped out.<br /><br />29<br />At the fourth pillar which they dedicate to Saturn<br />split by earthquake and by flood;<br />under Saturn's building an urn is found<br />gold carried off by Caepio and then restored.<br /><br />30<br />In Toulouse, not far from Beluzer<br />making a deep pit a palace of spectacle,<br />the treasure found will come to vex everyone<br />in two places and near the Basacle.<br /><br />31<br />The first great fruit of the prince of Perchiera,<br />then will come a cruel and wicked man.<br />In Venice he will lose his proud glory,<br />and is led into evil by then younger Selin.<br /><br />32<br />French king, beware of your nephew<br />who will do so much that your only son<br />will be murdered while making his vows to Venus;<br />accompanied at night by three and six.<br /><br />33<br />The great one who will be born of Verona and Vincenza<br />who carries a very unworthy surname;<br />he who at Venice will wish to take vengeance,<br />himself taken by a man of the watch and sign.<br /><br />34<br />After the victory of the Lion over the Lion,<br />there will be great slaughter on the mountain of Jura;<br />floods and dark-colored people of the seventh ( of a million ),<br />Lyons, Ulm at the mausoleum death and the tomb.<br /><br />35<br />At the entrance to Garonne and Baise<br />and the forest not far from Damazan,<br />discoveries of the frozen sea, then hail and north winds.<br />Frost in the Dardonnais through the mistake of the month.<br /><br />36<br />It will be committed against the anointed brought<br />from Lons le Saulnier, Saint Aubin and Bell'oeuvre.<br />To pave with marble taken from distant towers,<br />not to resist Bletteram and his masterpiece.<br /><br />37<br />The fortress near the Thames<br />will fall when the king is locked up inside.<br />He will be seen in his shirt near the bridge,<br />one facing death then barred inside the fortress.<br /><br />38<br />The King of Blois will reign in Avignon,<br />once again the people covered in blood.<br />In the Rhône he will make swim<br />near the walls up to five, the last one near Nolle.<br /><br />39<br />He who will have been for the Byzantine prince<br />will be taken away by the prince of Toulouse.<br />The faith of Foix through the leader of Tolentino<br />will fail him, not refusing the bride.<br /><br />40<br />The blood of the Just for Taur and La Duarade<br />in order to avenge itself against the Saturnines.<br />They will immerse the band in the new lake,<br />then they will march against Alba.<br /><br />41<br />a fox will be elected without speaking one word,<br />appearing saintly in public living on barley bread,<br />afterwards he will suddenly become a tyrant<br />putting his foot on the throats of the greatest men.<br /><br />42<br />Through avarice, through force and violence<br />the chief of Orléans will come to vex his supporters.<br />Near St. Memire, assault and resistance.<br />Dead in his tent they will say he is asleep inside.<br /><br />43<br />Through the fall of two bastard creatures<br />the nephew of the blood will occupy the throne.<br />Within Lectoure there will be blows of lances,<br />the nephew through fear will fold up his standard.<br /><br />44<br />The natural offspring off Ogmios<br />will turn off the road from seven to nine.<br />To the king long friend of the half man,<br />Navarre must destroy the fort at Pau.<br /><br />45<br />With his hand in a sling and his leg bandaged,<br />the younger brother of Calais will reach far.<br />At the word of the watch, the death will be delayed,<br />then he will bleed at Easter in the Temple.<br /><br />46<br />Paul the celibate will die three leagues from Rome,<br />the two nearest flee the oppressed monster.<br />When Mars will take up his horrible throne,<br />the Cock and the Eagle, France and the three brothers.<br /><br />47<br />Lake Trasimene will bear witness<br />of the conspirators locked up inside Perugia.<br />A fool will imitate the wise one,<br />killing the Teutons, destroying and cutting to pieces.<br /><br />48.<br />Saturn in Cancer, Jupiter with Mars<br />in February Chaldondon'salva tierra.<br />Sierra Morena besieged on three sides<br />near Verbiesque, war and mortal conflict.<br /><br />49<br />Saturn in Taurus, Jupiter in Aquarius. Mars in Sagittarius,<br />the sixth of February brings death.<br />Those of Tardaigne so great a breach at Bruges,<br />that the barbarian chief will die at Ponteroso.<br /><br />50<br />The plague around Capellades,<br />another famine is near to Sagunto;<br />the knightly bastard of the good old man<br />will cause the great one of Tunis to lose his head.<br /><br />51<br />The Byzantine makes an oblation<br />after having taken back Cordoba.<br />A long rest on his road, the vines cut down,<br />at sea the passing prey captured by the Pillar.<br /><br />52 ---- Unfinished/Censored ----<br />The king of Blois to reign in Avignon,<br />from Amboise and Seme the length of the Indre:<br />claws at Poitiers holy wings ruined<br />before Boni. . . .<br /><br />53<br />Within Boulogne he will want to wash away his misdeeds,<br />he cannot at the temple of the Sun.<br />He will fly away, doing very great things:<br />In the hierarchy he had never an equal.<br /><br />54<br />Under the color of the marriage treaty,<br />a magnanimous act by the Chyren Selin:<br />St. Quintin and Arras recovered on the journey;<br />By the Spanish a second butcher's bench is made.<br /><br />55<br />He will find himself shut in between two rivers,<br />casks and barrels joined to cross beyond:<br />eight bridges broken, their chief run through so many times,<br />perfect children's throats slit by the knife.<br /><br />56<br />The weak band will occupy the land,<br />those of high places will make dreadful cries.<br />The large herd of the outer corner troubled,<br />near Edinburgh it falls discovered by the writings.<br /><br />57<br />From simple soldier he will attain to Empire,<br />from the short robe he will grow into the long.<br />Brave in arms, much worse towards the Church,<br />he vexes the priests as water fills a sponge.<br /><br />58<br />A kingdom divided by two quarreling brothers<br />to take the arms and the name of Britain.<br />The Anglican title will be advised to watch out,<br />surprised by night ( the other is ), led to the French air.<br /><br />59<br />Twice put up and twice cast down,<br />the East will also weaken the West.<br />Its adversary after several battles<br />chased by sea will fail at time of need.<br /><br />60<br />First in Gaul, first in Romania,<br />over land and sea against the English and Paris.<br />Marvelous deeds by that great troop,<br />violent, the wild beast will lose Lorraine.<br /><br />61<br />Never by the revelation of daylight<br />will he attain the mark of the scepter bearer.<br />Until all his sieges are at rest,<br />bringing to the Cock the gift of the armed legion.<br /><br />62<br />When one sees the holy temple plundered,<br />the greatest of the Rhône profaning their sacred things;<br />because of them a very great pestilence will appear,<br />the king, unjust, will not condemn them.<br /><br />63<br />When the adulterer wounded without a blow<br />will have murdered his wife and son out of spite;<br />his wife knocked down, he will strangle the child;<br />eight captives taken, choked beyond help.<br /><br />64<br />The infants transported into the islands,<br />two out of seven will be in despair.<br />Those of the soil will be supported by it,<br />the name 'shovel' taken, the hope of the leagues fails.<br /><br />65<br />The old man disappointed in his main hope,<br />will attain to the leadership of his Empire.<br />Twenty months he will hold rule with great force,<br />a tyrant, cruel, giving way to one worse.<br /><br />66<br />When the inscription D.M. is found<br />in the ancient cave, revealed by a lamp.<br />Law, the King and Prince Ulpian tried,<br />the Queen and Duke in the pavilion under cover.<br /><br />67<br />Paris, Carcassone, France to ruin in great disharmony,<br />neither one nor the other will be elected.<br />France will have the love and good will of the people,<br />Ferara, Colonna great protection.<br /><br />68<br />The old Cardinal is deceived by the young one,<br />he will find himself disarmed, out of his position:<br />Do not show, Arles, that the double is perceived,<br />both Liqueduct and the Prince embalmed.<br /><br />69<br />Beside the young one the old angel falls,<br />and will come to rise above him at the end;<br />ten years equal to most the old one falls again,<br />of three two and one, the eighth seraphim.<br /><br />70<br />He will enter, wicked, unpleasant, infamous,<br />tyrannizing over Mesopotamia.<br />All friends made by the adulterous lady,<br />the land dreadful and black of aspect.<br /><br />71<br />The number of astrologers will grow so great,<br />that they will be driven out, banned and their books censored.<br />In the year 1607 by sacred assemblies<br />so that none will be safe from the holy ones.<br /><br />72<br />Oh what a huge defeat on the Perugian battlefield<br />and the conflict very close to Ravenna.<br />A holy passage when they will celebrate the feast,<br />the conqueror banished to eat horse meat.<br /><br />73<br />The king is struck by a barbarian soldier,<br />unjustly, not far from death.<br />The greedy will be the cause of the deed,<br />conspirator and realm in great remorse.<br /><br />74<br />A king entered very far into the new land<br />while the subjects will come to bid him welcome;<br />his treachery will have such a result<br />that to the citizens it is a reception instead of a festival.<br /><br />75<br />The father and son will be murdered together,<br />the leader within his pavilion.<br />The mother at Tours will have her belly swollen with a son,<br />a verdure chest with little pieces of paper.<br /><br />76<br />More of a butcher than a king in England,<br />born of obscure rank will gain empire through force.<br />Coward without faith, without law he will bleed the land;<br />His time approaches so close that I sigh.<br /><br />77<br />The antichrist very soon annihilates the three,<br />twenty-seven years his war will last.<br />The unbelievers are dead, captive, exiled;<br />with blood, human bodies, water and red hail covering the earth.<br /><br />78<br />A soldier of fortune with twisted tongue<br />will come to the sanctuary of the gods.<br />He will open the door to heretics<br />and raise up the Church militant.<br /><br />79<br />He who loses his father by the sword, born in a Nunnery,<br />upon this Gorgon's blood will conceive anew;<br />in a strange land he will do everything to be silent,<br />he who will burn both himself and his child.<br /><br />80<br />The blood of innocents, widow and virgin,<br />so many evils committed by means of the Great Red One,<br />holy images placed over burning candles,<br />terrified by fear, none will be seen to move.<br /><br />81<br />The new empire in desolation<br />will be changed from the Northern Pole.<br />From Sicily will come such trouble that<br />it will bother the enterprise tributary to Philip.<br /><br />82<br />Thin tall and dry, playing the good valet<br />in the end will have nothing but his dismissal;<br />sharp poison and letters in his collar,<br />he will be seized escaping into danger.<br /><br />83<br />The largest sail set out of the port of Zara,<br />near Byzantium will carry out its enterprise.<br />Loss of enemy and friend will not be,<br />a third will turn on both with great pillage and capture.<br /><br />84<br />Paterno will hear the cry from Sicily,<br />all the preparations in the Gulf of Trieste;<br />it will be heard as far as Sicily<br />flee oh, flee, so may sails, the dreaded pestilence !<br /><br />85<br />Between Bayonne and St. Jean de Luz<br />will be placed the promontory of Mars.<br />To the Hanix of the North, Nanar will remove the light,<br />then suffocate in bed without assistance.<br /><br />86<br />Through Emani, Tolosa and Villefranche,<br />an infinite band through the mountains of Adrian.<br />Passes the river, Cambat over the plank for a bridge,<br />Bayonne will be entered all crying Bigoree.<br /><br />87<br />A death conspired will come to its full effect,<br />the charge given and the voyage of death.<br />Elected, created, received ( then ) defeated by its followers,<br />in remorse the blood of innocence in front of him.<br /><br />88<br />A noble king will come to Sardinia,<br />who will only rule for three years in the kingdom.<br />He will join with himself several colors;<br />he himself, after taunts, care spoils slumber.<br /><br />89<br />In order not to fall into the hands of his uncle<br />who slaughtered his children in order to reign.<br />Pleasing with the people, putting his foot on Peloncle,<br />dead and dragged between armored horses.<br /><br />90<br />When those of the cross are found their senses troubled,<br />in place of sacred things he will see a horned bull,<br />through the virgin the pig's place will then be filled,<br />order will no longer be maintained by the king.<br /><br />91<br />Entered among the field of the Rhône<br />where those of the cross are almost united,<br />the two lands meeting in Pisces<br />and a great number punished by the flood.<br /><br />92<br />Far distant from his kingdom, sent on a dangerous journey,<br />he will lead a great army and keep it for himself.<br />The king will hold his people captive and hostage,<br />he will plunder the whole country on his return.<br /><br />93<br />For seven months, no longer, will he hold the office of prelate,<br />through his death a great schism will arise;<br />for seven months another acts as prelate near Venice,<br />peace and union are reborn.<br /><br />94<br />In front of the lake where the dearest one was destroyed<br />for seven months and his army routed;<br />Spaniards will be devastating by means of Alba,<br />through delay in giving battle, loss.<br /><br />95<br />The seducer will be placed in a ditch<br />and will be tied up for some time.<br />The scholar joins the chief with his cross.<br />The sharp right will draw the contented ones.<br /><br />96<br />The sterile synagogue without any fruit,<br />will be received by the infidels,<br />the daughter of the persecuted (man) of Babylon,<br />miserable and sad, they will clip her wings.<br /><br />97<br />At the end of the Var the great powers change;<br />near the bank three beautiful children are born.<br />Ruin to the people when they are of age;<br />in the country the kingdom is seen to grow and change more.<br /><br />98<br />Of the church men the blood will be poured forth<br />as abundant as water in (amount);<br />for a long time it will not be restrained,<br />woe, woe, for the clergy ruin and grief.<br /><br />99<br />Through the power of three temporal kings,<br />the sacred seat will be put in another place,<br />where the substance of the body and the spirit<br />will be restored and received as the true seat.<br /><br />100<br />By the great number of tears shed,<br />from top to bottom and from the bottom to the very top,<br />a life is lost through a game with too much faith,<br />to die of thirst through a great deficiency.<br /><br /></pre> <p><br /></p>DROUSHKAhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07119855520563971451noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3620486789052227667.post-52587007585424353252009-04-22T01:00:00.000-07:002009-04-22T01:01:00.622-07:00Quatrains - Century VII<pre><center><br /></center><br /><br /><br />1<br />The arc of the treasure deceived by Achilles,<br />the quadrangle known to the procreators.<br />The invention will be known by the Royal deed;<br />a corpse seen hanging in the sight of the populace.<br /><br />2<br />Opened by Mars Arles will not give war,<br />the soldiers will be astonished by night.<br />Black and white concealing indigo on land<br />under the false shadow you will see traitors sounded.<br /><br />3<br />After the naval victory of France,<br />the people of Barcelona the Saillinons and those of Marseilles;<br />the robber of gold, the anvil enclosed in the ball,<br />the people of Ptolon will be party to the fraud.<br /><br />4<br />The Duke of Langres besieged at Dôle<br />accompanied by people from Autun and Lyons.<br />Geneva, Augsburg allied to those of Mirandola,<br />to cross the mountains against the people of Ancona.<br /><br />5<br />Some of the wine on the table will be spilt,<br />the third will not have that which he claimed.<br />Twice descended from the black one of Parma,<br />Perouse will do to Pisa that which he believed.<br /><br />6<br />Naples, Palerma and all of Sicily<br />will be uninhabited through Barbarian hands.<br />Corsica, Salerno and the island of Sardinia,<br />hunger, plague, war the end of extended evils.<br /><br />7<br />Upon the struggle of the great light horses,<br />it will be claimed that the great crescent is destroyed.<br />To kill by night, in the mountains,<br />dressed in shepherd¹s' clothing, red gulfs in the deep ditch.<br /><br />8<br />Florense, flee, flee the nearest Roman,<br />at Fiesole will be conflict given:<br />blood shed, the greatest one take by the hand,<br />neither temple nor sex will be pardoned.<br /><br />9<br />The lady in the absence of her great master<br />will be begged for love by the Viceroy.<br />Feigned promise and misfortune in love,<br />in the hands of the great Prince of Bar.<br /><br />10<br />By the great Prince bordering Le Mans,<br />brave and valiant leader of the great army;<br />by land and sea with Bretons and Normans,<br />to pass Gibraltar and Barcelona to pillage the island.<br /><br />11<br />eye, feet wounded rude disobedient;<br />strange and very bitter news to the lady;<br />more than five hundred of here people will be killed.<br /><br />12<br />The great younger son will make an end of the war,<br />he assembles the pardoned before the gods;<br />Cahors and Moissac will go far from the prison,<br />a refusal at Lectoure, the people of Agen shaved.<br /><br />13<br />From the marine tributary city,<br />the shaven head will take up the satrapy;<br />to chase the sordid man who will the be against him.<br />For fourteen years he will hold the tyranny.<br /><br />14<br />He will come to expose the false topography,<br />the urns of the tombs will be opened.<br />Sect and holy philosophy to thrive,<br />black for white and the new for the old.<br /><br />15<br />Before the city of the Insubrian lands,<br />for seven years the siege will be laid;<br />a very great king enters it,<br />the city is then free, away from its enemies.<br /><br />16<br />The deep entry made by the great Queen<br />will make the place powerful and inaccessible;<br />the army of the three lions will be defeated<br />causing within a thing hideous and terrible.<br /><br />17<br />The prince who has little pity of mercy<br />will come through death to change (and become) very knowledgeable.<br />The kingdom will be attended with great tranquillity,<br />when the great one will soon be fleeced.<br /><br />18<br />The besieged will color their pacts,<br />but seven days later they will make a cruel exit:<br />thrown back inside, fire and blood, seven put to the ax<br />the lady who had woven the peace is a captive.<br /><br />19<br />The fort at Nice will not engage in combat,<br />it will be overcome by shining metal.<br />This deed will be debated for a long time,<br />strange and fearful for the citizens.<br /><br />20<br />Ambassadors of the Tuscan language<br />will cross the Alps and the sea in April and May.<br />The man of the calf will deliver an oration,<br />not coming to wipe out the French way of life.<br /><br />21<br />By the pestilential enmity of Languedoc,<br />the tyrant dissimulated will be driven out.<br />The bargain will be made on the bridge at Sorgues<br />to put to death both him and his follower<br /><br />22<br />The citizens of Mesopotamia<br />angry with their friends from Tarraconne;<br />games, rites, banquets, every person asleep,<br />the vicar at Rhône, the city taken and those of Ausonia.<br /><br />23<br />The Royal scepter will be forced to take<br />that which his predecessors had pledged.<br />Because they do not understand about the ring<br />when they come to sack the palace.<br /><br />24<br />He who was buried will come out of the tomb,<br />He will cause the fort of the bridge to be tied in chains:<br />Poisoned with the spawn of a pimp,<br />the great one from Lorraine by the Marquis du Pont.<br /><br />25<br />Through long war all the army exhausted,<br />so that they do not find money for the soldiers;<br />instead of gold or silver, they will come to coin leather,<br />Gallic brass, and the crescent sign of the Moon.<br /><br />26<br />Foists and galleys around seven ships,<br />a mortal war will be let loose.<br />The leader from Madrid will receive a wound from arrows,<br />two escaped and five brought to land.<br /><br />27<br />At the wall of Vasto the great cavalry<br />are impeded by the baggage near Ferrara.<br />At Turin they will speedily commit such robbery<br />that in the fort they will ravish their hostage.<br /><br />28<br />The captain will lead a great herd<br />on the mountain closest to the enemy.<br />Surrounded by fire he makes such a way,<br />all escape except for thirty put on the spit.<br /><br />29<br />The great one of Alba will come to rebel,<br />he will betray his great forebears.<br />The great man of Guise will come to vanquish him,<br />led captive with a monument erected.<br /><br />30<br />The sack approaches, fire and great bloodshed.<br />Po the great rivers, the enterprise for the clowns;<br />after a long wait from Genoa and Nice,<br />Fossano, Turin the capture at Savigliano.<br /><br />31<br />From Languedoc and Guienne more than ten<br />thousand will want to cross the Alps again.<br />The great Savoyards march against Brindisi,<br />Aquino and Bresse will come to drive them back.<br /><br />32<br />From the bank of Montereale will be born one<br />who bores and calculates becoming a tyrant.<br />To raise a force in the marches of Milan,<br />to drain Faenza and Florence of gold and men<br /><br />33<br />The kingdom stripped of its forces by fraud,<br />the fleet blockaded, passages for the spy;<br />two false friends will come to rally<br />to awaken hatred for a long time dormant.<br /><br />34<br />The French nation will be in great grief,<br />vain and lighthearted, they will believe rash things.<br />No bread, salt, wine nor water, venom nor ale,<br />the greater one captured, hunger, cold and want.<br /><br />35<br />The great fish will come to complain and weep<br />for having chosen, deceived concerning his age:<br />he will hardly want to remain with them,<br />he will be deceived by those (speaking) his own tongue.<br /><br />36<br />God, the heavens, all the divine words in the waves,<br />carried by seven red-shaven heads to Byzantium:<br />against the anointed three hundred from Trebizond,<br />will make two laws, first horror then trust.<br /><br />37<br />Ten sent to put the captain of the ship to death,<br />are altered by one that there is open revolt in the fleet.<br />Confusion, the leader and another stab and bite each other<br />at Lerins and the Hyerès, ships, prow into the darkness.<br /><br />38<br />The elder royal one on a frisky horse<br />will spur so fiercely that it will bolt.<br />Mouth, mouthful, foot complaining in the embrace;<br />dragged, pulled, to die horribly.<br /><br />39<br />The leader of the French army<br />will expect to lose the main phalanx.<br />Upon the pavement of oats and slate<br />the foreign nation will be undermined through Genoa.<br /><br />40<br />Within casks anointed outside with oil and grease<br />twenty-one will be shut before the harbor,<br />at second watch; through death they will do great deeds;<br /><br />to win the gates and be killed by the watch.<br /><br />41<br />The bones of the feet and the hands locked up,<br />because of the noise the house is uninhabited for a long time.<br />Digging in dreams they will be unearthed,<br />the house healthy in inhabited without noise.<br /><br />42<br />Two newly arrived have seized the poison,<br />to pour it in the kitchen of the great Prince.<br />By the scullion both are caught in the act,<br /></pre>DROUSHKAhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07119855520563971451noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3620486789052227667.post-71062909552376303482009-04-22T00:59:00.000-07:002009-04-22T01:00:14.929-07:00Quatrains - Century VI<pre><center><br /></center><br /><br />1<br />Around the Pyrenees mountains a great throng<br />Of foreign people to aid the new King:<br />Near the great temple of Le Mas by the Garonne,<br />A Roman chief will fear him in the water.<br /><br />2<br />In the year five hundred eighty more or less,<br />One will await a very strange century:<br />In the year seven hundred and three the heavens witness thereof,<br />That several kingdoms one to five will make a change.<br /><br />3<br />The river that tries the new Celtic heir<br />Will be in great discord with the Empire:<br />The young Prince through the ecclesiastical people<br />Will remove the scepter of the crown of concord.<br /><br />4<br />The Celtic river will change its course,<br />No longer will it include the city of Agrippina:<br />All changed except the old language,<br />Saturn, Leo, Mars, Cancer in plunder.<br /><br />5<br />Very great famine through pestiferous wave,<br />Through long rain the length of the arctic pole:<br />Samarobryn one hundred leagues from the hemisphere,<br />The will live without law exempt from politics.<br /><br />6<br />There will appear towards the North<br />Not far from Cancer the bearded star:<br />Susa, Siena, Boeotia, Eretria,<br />The great one of Rome will die, the night over.<br /><br />7<br />Norway and Dacia and the British Isle<br />Will be vexed by the united brothers:<br />The Roman chief sprung from Gallic blood<br />And his forces hurled back into the forests.<br /><br />8<br />Those who were in the realm for knowledge<br />Will become impoverished at the change of King:<br />Some exiled without support, having no gold,<br />The lettered and letters will not be at a high premium.<br /><br />9<br />In the sacred temples scandals will be perpetrated,<br />They will be reckoned as honors and commendations:<br />Of one of whom they engrave medals of silver and of gold,<br />The end will be in very strange torments.<br /><br />10<br />In a short time the temples with colors<br />Of white and black of the two intermixed:<br />Red and yellow ones will carry off theirs from them,<br />Blood, land, plague, famine, fire extinguished by water.<br /><br />11<br />The seven branches will be reduced to three,<br />The elder ones will be surprised by death,<br />The two will be seduced to fratricide,<br />The conspirators will be dead while sleeping.<br /><br />12<br />To raise forces to ascend to the empire<br />In the Vatican the Royal blood will hold fast:<br />Flemings, English, Spain with Aspire<br />Against Italy and France will he contend.<br /><br />13<br />A doubtful one will not come far from the realm,<br />The greater part will want to uphold him:<br />A Capitol will not want him to reign at all,<br />He will be unable to bear his great burden.<br /><br />14<br />Far from his land a King will lose the battle,<br />At once escaped, pursued, then captured,<br />Ignorant one taken under the golden mail,<br />Under false garb, and the enemy surprised.<br /><br />15<br />Under the tomb will be found a Prince<br />Who will be valued above Nuremberg:<br />The Spanish King in Capricorn thin,<br />Deceived and betrayed by the great Wittenberg.<br /><br />16<br />That which will be carried off by the young Hawk,<br />By the Normans of France and Picardy:<br />The black ones of the temple of the Black Forest place<br />Will make an inn and fire of Lombardy.<br /><br />17<br />After the files the ass-drivers burned,<br />They will be obliged to change diverse garbs:<br />Those of Saturn burned by the millers,<br />Except the greater part which will not be covered.<br /><br />18<br />The great King abandoned by the Physicians,<br />By fate not the Jew's art he remains alive,<br />He and his kindred pushed high in the realm,<br />Pardon given to the race which denies Christ.<br /><br />19<br />The true flame will devour the lady<br />Who will want to put the Innocent Ones to the fire:<br />Before the assault the army is inflamed,<br />When in Seville a monster in beef will be seen.<br /><br />20<br />The feigned union will be of short duration,<br />Some changed most reformed:<br />In the vessels people will be in suffering,<br />Then Rome will have a new Leopard.<br /><br />21<br />When those of the arctic pole are united together,<br />Great terror and fear in the East:<br />Newly elected, the great trembling supported,<br />Rhodes, Byzantium stained with Barbarian blood.<br /><br />22<br />Within the land of the great heavenly temple,<br />Nephew murdered at London through feigned peace:<br />The bark will then become schismatic,<br />Sham liberty will be proclaimed everywhere.<br /><br />23<br />Coins depreciated by the spirit of the realm,<br />And people will be stirred up against their King:<br />New peace made, holy laws become worse,<br />Paris was never in so severe an array.<br /><br />24<br />Mars and the scepter will be found conjoined<br />Under Cancer calamitous war:<br />Shortly afterwards a new King will be anointed,<br />One who for a long time will pacify the earth.<br /><br />25<br />Through adverse Mars will the monarchy<br />Of the great fisherman be in ruinous trouble:<br />The young red black one will seize the hierarchy,<br />The traitors will act on a day of drizzle.<br /><br />26<br />For four years the see will be held with some little good,<br />One libidinous in life will succeed to it:<br />Ravenna, Pisa and Verona will give support,<br />Longing to elevate the Papal cross.<br /><br />27<br />Within the Isles of five rivers to one,<br />Through the expansion of the great Chyren Selin:<br />Through the drizzles in the air the fury of one,<br />Six escaped, hidden bundles of flax.<br /><br />28<br />The great Celt will enter Rome,<br />Leading a throng of the exiled and banished:<br />The great Pastor will put to death every man<br />Who was united at the Alps for the cock.<br /><br />29<br />The saintly widow hearing the news,<br />Of her offspring placed in perplexity and trouble:<br />He who will be instructed to appease the quarrels,<br />He will pile them up by his pursuit of the shaven heads.<br /><br />30<br />Through the appearance of the feigned sanctity,<br />The siege will be betrayed to the enemies:<br />In the night when they trusted to sleep in safety,<br />Near Brabant will march those of Liège.<br /><br />31<br />The King will find that which he desired so much<br />When the Prelate will be blamed unjustly:<br />His reply to the Duke will leave him dissatisfied,<br />He who in Milan will put several to death.<br /><br />32<br />Beaten to death by rods for treason,<br />Captured he will be overcome through his disorder:<br />Frivolous counsel held out to the great captive,<br />When Berich will come to bite his nose in fury.<br /><br />33<br />His last hand through sanguinary,<br />He will be unable to protect himself by sea:<br />Between two rivers he will fear the military hand,<br />The black and irate one will make him rue it.<br /><br />34<br />The device of flying fire<br />Will come to trouble the great besieged chief:<br />Within there will be such sedition<br />That the profligate ones will be in despair.<br /><br />35<br />Near the Bear and close to the white wool,<br />Aries, Taurus, Cancer, Leo, Virgo,<br />Mars, Jupiter, the Sun will burn a great plain,<br />Woods and cities letters hidden in the candle.<br /><br />36<br />Neither good nor evil through terrestrial battle<br />Will reach the confines of Perugia,<br />Pisa to rebel, Florence to see an evil existence,<br />King by night wounded on a mule with black housing.<br /><br />37<br />The ancient work will be finished,<br />Evil ruin will fall upon the great one from the roof:<br />Dead they will accuse an innocent one of the deed,<br />The guilty one hidden in the copse in the drizzle.<br /><br />38<br />The enemies of peace to the profligates,<br />After having conquered Italy:<br />The bloodthirsty black one, red, will be exposed,<br />Fire, blood shed, water colored by blood.<br /><br />39<br />The child of the realm through the capture of his father<br />Will be plundered to deliver him:<br />Near the Lake of Perugia the azure captive,<br />The hostage troop to become far too drunk.<br /><br />40<br />To quench the great thirst the great one of Mainz<br />Will be deprived of his great dignity:<br />Those of Cologne will come to complain so loudly<br />That the great rump will be thrown into the Rhine.<br /><br />41<br />The second chief of the realm of Annemark,<br />Through those of Frisia and of the British Isle,<br />Will spend more than one hundred thousand marks,<br />Exploiting in vain the voyage to Italy.<br /><br />42<br />To Ogmios will be left the realm<br />Of the great Selin, who will in fact do more:<br />Throughout Italy will he extend his banner,<br />He will be ruled by a prudent deformed one.<br /><br />43<br />For a long time will she remain uninhabited,<br />Around where the Seine and the Marne she comes to water:<br />Tried by the Thames and warriors,<br />The guards deceived in trusting in the repulse.<br /><br />44<br />By night the Rainbow will appear for Nantes,<br />By marine arts they will stir up rain:<br />In the Gulf of Arabia a great fleet will plunge to the bottom,<br />In Saxony a monster will be born of a bear and a sow.<br /><br />45<br />The very learned governor of the realm,<br />Not wishing to consent to the royal deed:<br />The fleet at Melilla through contrary wind<br />Will deliver him to his most disloyal one.<br /><br />46<br />A just one will be sent back again into exile,<br />Through pestilence to the confines of Nonseggle,<br />His reply to the red one will cause him to be misled,<br />The King withdrawing to the Frog and the Eagle.<br /><br />47<br />The two great ones assembled between two mountains<br />Will abandon their secret quarrel:<br />Brussels and Dôle overcome by Langres,<br />To execute their plague at Malines.<br /><br />48<br />The too false and seductive sanctity,<br />Accompanied by an eloquent tongue:<br />The old city, and Parma too premature,<br />Florence and Siena they will render more desert.<br /><br />49<br />The great Pontiff of the party of Mars<br />Will subjugate the confines of the Danube:<br />The cross to pursue, through sword hook or crook,<br />Captives, gold, jewels more than one hundred thousand rubies.<br /><br />50<br />Within the pit will be found the bones,<br />Incest will be committed by the stepmother:<br />The state changed, they will demand fame and praise,<br />And they will have Mars attending as their star.<br /><br />51<br />People assembled to see a new spectacle,<br />Princes and Kings amongst many bystanders,<br />Pillars walls to fall: but as by a miracle<br />The King saved and thirty of the ones present.<br /><br />52<br />In place of the great one who will be condemned,<br />Outside the prison, his friend in his place:<br />The Trojan hope in six months joined, born dead,<br />The Sun in the urn rivers will be frozen.<br /><br />53<br />The great Celtic Prelate suspected by the King,<br />By night in flight he will leave the realm:<br />Through a Duke fruitful for his great British King,<br />Byzantium to Cyprus and Tunis unsuspected.<br /><br />54<br />At daybreak at the second crowing of the cock,<br />Those of Tunis, of Fez and of Bougie,<br />By the Arabs the King of Morocco captured,<br />The year sixteen hundred and seven, of the Liturgy.<br /><br />55<br />By the appeased Duke in drawing up the contract,<br />Arabesque sail seen, sudden discovery:<br />Tripoli, Chios, and those of Trebizond,<br />Duke captured, the Black Sea and the city a desert.<br /><br />56<br />The dreaded army of the Narbonne enemy<br />Will frighten very greatly the Hesperians:<br />Perpignan empty through the blind one of Arbon,<br />Then Barcelona by sea will take up the quarrel.<br /><br />57<br />He who was well forward in the realm,<br />Having a red chief close to the hierarchy,<br />Harsh and cruel, and he will make himself much feared,<br />He will succeed to the sacred monarchy.<br /><br />58<br />Between the two distant monarchs,<br /><br />When the clear Sun is lost through Selin:<br />Great enmity between two indignant ones,<br />So that liberty is restored to the Isles and Siena.<br /><br />59<br />The Lady in fury through rage of adultery,<br />She will come to conspire not to tell her Prince:<br />But soon will the blame be made known,<br />So that seventeen will be put to martyrdom.<br /><br />60<br />The Prince outside his Celtic land<br />Will be betrayed, deceived by the interpreter:<br />Rouen, La Rochelle through those of Brittany<br />At the port of Blaye deceived by monk and priest.<br /><br />61<br />The great carpet folded will not show<br />But by halved the greatest part of history:<br />Driven far out of the realm he will appear harsh,<br />So that everyone will come to believe in his warlike deed.<br /><br />62<br />Too late both the flowers will be lost,<br />The serpent will not want to act against the law:<br />The forces of the Leaguers confounded by the French,<br />Savona, Albenga through Monaco great martyrdom.<br /><br />63<br />The lady left alone in the realm<br />By the unique one extinguished first on the bed of honor:<br />Seven years will she be weeping in grief,<br />Then with great good fortune for the realm long life.<br /><br />64<br />No peace agreed upon will be kept,<br />All the subscribers will act with deceit:<br />In peace and truce, land and sea in protest,<br />By Barcelona fleet seized with ingenuity.<br /><br />65<br />Gray and brown in half-opened war,<br />By night they will be assaulted and pillaged:<br />The brown captured will pass through the lock,<br />His temple opened, two slipped in the plaster.<br /><br />66<br />At the foundation of the new sect,<br />The bones of the great Roman will be found,<br />A sepulcher covered by marble will appear,<br />Earth to quake in April poorly buried.<br /><br />67<br />Quite another one will attain to the great Empire,<br />Kindness distant more so happiness:<br />Ruled by one sprung not far from the brothel,<br />Realms to decay great bad luck.<br /><br />68<br />When the soldiers in a seditious fury<br />Will cause steel to flash by night against their chief:<br />The enemy Alba acts with furious hand,<br />Then to vex Rome and seduce the principal ones.<br /><br />69<br />The great pity will occur before long,<br />Those who gave will be obliged to take:<br />Naked, starving, withstanding cold and thirst,<br />To pass over the mountains committing a great scandal.<br /><br />70<br />Chief of the world will the great Chyren be,<br />Plus Ultra behind, loved, feared, dreaded:<br />His fame and praise will go beyond the heavens,<br />And with the sole title of Victor will he be quite satisfied.<br /><br />71<br />When they will come to give the last rites to the great King<br />Before he has entirely given up the ghost:<br />He who will come to grieve over him the least,<br />Through Lions, Eagles, cross crown sold.<br /><br />72<br />Through feigned fury of divine emotion<br />The wife of the great one will be violated:<br />The judges wishing to condemn such a doctrine,<br />She is sacrificed a victim to the ignorant people.<br /><br />73<br />In a great city a monk and artisan,<br />Lodged near the gate and walls,<br />Secret speaking emptily against Modena,<br />Betrayed for acting under the guise of nuptials.<br /><br />74<br />She chased out will return to the realm,<br />Her enemies found to be conspirators:<br />More than ever her time will triumph,<br />Three and seventy to death very sure.<br /><br />75<br />The great Pilot will be commissioned by the King,<br />To leave the fleet to fill a higher post:<br />Seven years after he will be in rebellion,<br />Venice will come to fear the Barbarian army.<br /><br />76<br />The ancient city the creation of Antenor,<br />Being no longer able to bear the tyrant:<br />The feigned handle in the temple to cut a throat,<br />The people will come to put his followers to death.<br /><br />77<br />Through the fraudulent victory of the deceived,<br />Two fleets one, German revolt:<br />The chief murdered and his son in the tent,<br />Florence and Imola pursued into Romania.<br /><br />78<br />To proclaim the victory of the great expanding Selin:<br />By the Romans will the Eagle be demanded,<br />Pavia, Milan and Genoa will not consent thereto,<br />Then by themselves the great Lord claimed.<br /><br />79<br />Near the Ticino the inhabitants of the Loire,<br />Garonne and Saône, the Seine, the Tain and Gironde:<br />They will erect a promontory beyond the mountains,<br />Conflict given, Po enlarged, submerged in the wave.<br /><br />80<br />From Fez the realm will reach those of Europe,<br />Their city ablaze and the blade will cut:<br />The great one of Asia by land and sea with great troop,<br />So that blues and Pers[ians] the cross will pursue to death.<br /><br />81<br />Tears, cries and laments, howls, terror,<br />Heart inhuman, cruel, black and chilly:<br />Lake of Geneva the Isles, of Genoa the notables,<br />Blood to pour out, wheat famine to none mercy.<br /><br />82<br />Through the deserts of the free and wild place,<br />The nephew of the great Pontiff will come to wander:<br />Felled by seven with a heavy club,<br />By those who afterwards will occupy the Chalice.<br /><br />83<br />He who will have so much honor and flattery<br />At his entry into Belgian Gaul:<br />A while after he will act very rudely,<br />And he will act very warlike against the flower.<br /><br />84<br />The Lame One, he who lame could not reign in Sparta,<br />He will do much through seductive means:<br />So that by the short and long, he will be accused<br />Of making his perspective against the King.<br /><br />85<br />The great city of Tarsus by the Gauls<br />Will be destroyed, all of the Turban captives:<br />Help by sea from the great one of Portugal,<br />First day of summer Urban's consecration.<br /><br />86<br />The great Prelate one day after his dream,<br />Interpreted opposite to its meaning:<br />From Gascony a monk will come unexpectedly,<br />One who will cause the great prelate of Sens to be elected.<br /><br />87<br />The election made in Frankfort<br />Will be voided, Milan will be opposed:<br />The follower closer will seem so very strong<br />That he will drive him out into the marshes beyond the Rhine.<br /><br />88<br />A great realm will be left desolated,<br />Near the Ebro an assembly will be formed:<br />The Pyrenees mountains will console him,<br />When in May lands will be trembling.<br /><br />89<br />Feet and hands bound between two boats,<br />Face anointed with honey, and sustained with milk:<br />Wasps and flies, paternal love vexed,<br />Cup-bearer to falsify, Chalice tried.<br /><br />90<br />The stinking abominable disgrace,<br />After the deed he will be congratulated:<br />The great excuse for not being favorable,<br />That Neptune will not be persuaded to peace.<br /><br />91<br />Of the leader of the naval war,<br />Red one unbridled, severe, horrible whim,<br />Captive escaped from the elder one in the bale,<br />When there will be born a son to the great Agrippa.<br /><br />92<br />Prince of beauty so comely,<br />Around his head a plot, the second deed betrayed:<br />The city to the sword in dust the face burnt,<br />Through too great murder the head of the King hated.<br /><br />93<br />The greedy prelate deceived by ambition,<br />He will come to reckon nothing too much for him:<br />He and his messengers completely trapped,<br />He who cut the wood sees all in reverse.<br /><br />94<br />A King will be angry with the see-breakers,<br />When arms of war will be prohibited:<br />The poison tainted in the sugar for the strawberries,<br />Murdered by waters, dead, saying land, land.<br /><br />95<br />Calumny against the cadet by the detractor,<br />When enormous and warlike deeds will take place:<br />The least part doubtful for the elder one,<br />And soon in the realm there will be partisan deeds.<br /><br />96<br />Great city abandoned to the soldiers,<br />Never was mortal tumult so close to it:<br />Oh, what a hideous calamity draws near,<br />Except one offense nothing will be spared it.<br /><br />97<br />At forty-five degrees the sky will burn,<br />Fire to approach the great new city:<br />In an instant a great scattered flame will leap up,<br />When one will want to demand proof of the Normans.<br /><br />98<br />Ruin for the Volcae so very terrible with fear,<br />Their great city stained, pestilential deed:<br />To plunder Sun and Moon and to violate their temples:<br />And to redden the two rivers flowing with blood.<br /><br />99<br />The learned enemy will find himself confused,<br />His great army sick, and defeated by ambushes,<br />The Pyrenees and Pennine Alps will be denied him,<br />Discovering near the river ancient jugs.<br /><br />100<br />INCANTATION OF THE LAW AGAINST INEPT CRITICS<br />Let those who read this verse consider it profoundly,<br />Let the profane and the ignorant herd keep away:<br />And far away all Astrologers, Idiots and Barbarians,<br />May he who does otherwise be subject to the sacred rite.<br /></pre>DROUSHKAhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07119855520563971451noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3620486789052227667.post-34046927700993281972009-04-22T00:58:00.000-07:002009-04-22T00:59:22.905-07:00Quatrains - Century V<pre><center><br /></center><br /><br />1<br />Before the coming of Celtic ruin,<br />In the temple two will parley<br />Pike and dagger to the heart of one mounted on the steed,<br />They will bury the great one without making any noise.<br /><br />2<br />Seven conspirators at the banquet will cause to flash<br />The iron out of the ship against the three:<br />One will have the two fleets brought to the great one,<br />When through the evil the latter shoots him in the forehead.<br /><br />3<br />The successor to the Duchy will come,<br />Very far beyond the Tuscan Sea:<br />A Gallic branch will hold Florence,<br />The nautical Frog in its bosom be agreement.<br /><br />4<br />The large mastiff expelled from the city<br />Will be vexed by the strange alliance,<br />After having chased the stag to the fields<br />The wolf and the Bear will defy each other.<br /><br />5<br />Under the shadowy pretense of removing servitude,<br />He will himself usurp the people and city:<br />He will do worse because of the deceit of the young prostitute,<br />Delivered in the field reading the false poem.<br /><br />6<br />The Augur putting his hand upon the head of the King<br />Will come to pray for the peace of Italy:<br />He will come to move the scepter to his left hand,<br />From King he will become pacific Emperor.<br /><br />7<br />The bones of the Triumvir will be found,<br />Looking for a deep enigmatic treasure:<br />Those from thereabouts will not be at rest,<br />Digging for this thing of marble and metallic lead.<br /><br />8<br />There will be unleashed live fire, hidden death,<br />Horrible and frightful within the globes,<br />By night the city reduced to dust by the fleet,<br />The city afire, the enemy amenable.<br /><br />9<br />The great arch demolished down to its base,<br />By the chief captive his friend forestalled,<br />He will be born of the lady with hairy forehead and face,<br />Then through cunning the Duke overtaken by death.<br /><br />10<br />A Celtic chief wounded in the conflict<br />Seeing death overtaking his men near a cellar:<br />Pressed by blood and wounds and enemies,<br />And relief by four unknown ones.<br /><br />11<br />The sea will not be passed over safely by those of the Sun,<br />Those of Venus will hold all Africa:<br />Saturn will no longer occupy their realm,<br />And the Asiatic part will change.<br /><br />12<br />To near the Lake of Geneva will it be conducted,<br />By the foreign maiden wishing to betray the city:<br />Before its murder at Augsburg the great suite,<br />And those of the Rhine will come to invade it.<br /><br />13<br />With great fury the Roman Belgian King<br />Will want to vex the barbarian with his phalanx:<br />Fury gnashing, he will chase the African people<br />From the Pannonias to the pillars of Hercules.<br /><br />14<br />Saturn and Mars in Leo Spain captive,<br />By the African chief trapped in the conflict,<br />Near Malta, Herod taken alive,<br />And the Roman scepter will be struck down by the Cock.<br /><br />15<br />The great Pontiff taken captive while navigating,<br />The great one thereafter to fail the clergy in tumult:<br />Second one elected absent his estate declines,<br />His favorite bastard to death broken on the wheel.<br /><br />16<br />The Sabaean tear no longer at its high price,<br />Turning human flesh into ashes through death,<br />At the isle of Pharos disturbed by the Crusaders,<br />When at Rhodes will appear a hard phantom.<br /><br />17<br />By night the King passing near an Alley,<br />He of Cyprus and the principal guard:<br />The King mistaken, the hand flees the length of the Rhône,<br />The conspirators will set out to put him to death.<br /><br />18<br />The unhappy abandoned one will die of grief,<br />His conqueress will celebrate the hecatomb:<br />Pristine law, free edict drawn up,<br />The wall and the Prince falls on the seventh day.<br /><br />19<br />The great Royal one of gold, augmented by brass,<br />The agreement broken, war opened by a young man:<br />People afflicted because of a lamented chief,<br />The land will be covered with barbarian blood.<br /><br />20<br />The great army will pass beyond the Alps,<br />Shortly before will be born a monster scoundrel:<br />Prodigious and sudden he will turn<br />The great Tuscan to his nearest place.<br /><br />21<br />By the death of the Latin Monarch,<br />Those whom he will have assisted through his reign:<br />The fire will light up again the booty divided,<br />Public death for the bold ones who incurred it.<br /><br />22<br />Before the great one has given up the ghost at Rome,<br />Great terror for the foreign army:<br />The ambush by squadrons near Parma,<br />Then the two red ones will celebrate together.<br /><br />23<br />The two contented ones will be united together,<br />When for the most part they will be conjoined with Mars:<br />The great one of Africa trembles in terror,<br />Duumvirate disjoined by the fleet.<br /><br />24<br />The realm and law raised under Venus,<br />Saturn will have dominion over Jupiter:<br />The law and realm raised by the Sun,<br />Through those of Saturn it will suffer the worst.<br /><br />25<br />The Arab Prince Mars, Sun, Venus, Leo,<br />The rule of the Church will succumb by sea:<br />Towards Persia very nearly a million men,<br />The true serpent will invade Byzantium and Egypt.<br /><br />26<br />The slavish people through luck in war<br />Will become elevated to a very high degree:<br />They will change their Prince, one born a provincial,<br />An army raised in the mountains to pass over the sea.<br /><br />27<br />Through fire and arms not far from the Black Sea,<br />He will come from Persia to occupy Trebizond:<br />Pharos, Mytilene to tremble, the Sun joyful,<br />The Adriatic Sea covered with Arab blood.<br /><br />28<br />His arm hung and leg bound,<br />Face pale, dagger hidden in his bosom,<br />Three who will be sworn in the fray<br />Against the great one of Genoa will the steel be unleashed.<br /><br />29<br />Liberty will not be recovered,<br />A proud, villainous, wicked black one will occupy it,<br />When the matter of the bridge will be opened,<br />The republic of Venice vexed by the Danube.<br /><br />30<br />All around the great city<br />Soldiers will be lodged throughout the fields and towns:<br />To give the assault Paris, Rome incited,<br />Then upon the bridge great pillage will be carried out.<br /><br />31<br />Through the Attic land fountain of wisdom,<br />At present the rose of the world:<br />The bridge ruined, and its great pre-eminence<br />Will be subjected, a wreck amidst the waves.<br /><br />32<br />Where all is good, the Sun all beneficial and the Moon<br />Is abundant, its ruin approaches:<br />From the sky it advances to change your fortune.<br />In the same state as the seventh rock.<br /><br />33<br />Of the principal ones of the city in rebellion<br />Who will strive mightily to recover their liberty:<br />The males cut up, unhappy fray,<br />Cries, groans at Nantes pitiful to see.<br /><br />34<br />From the deepest part of the English West<br />Where the head of the British isle is<br />A fleet will enter the Gironde through Blois,<br />Through wine and salt, fires hidden in the casks.<br /><br />35<br />For the free city of the great Crescent sea,<br />Which still carries the stone in its stomach,<br />The English fleet will come under the drizzle<br />To seize a branch, war opened by the great one.<br /><br />36<br />The sister's brother through the quarrel and deceit<br />Will come to mix dew in the mineral:<br />On the cake given to the slow old woman,<br />She dies tasting it she will be simple and rustic.<br /><br />37<br />Three hundred will be in accord with one will<br />To come to the execution of their blow,<br />Twenty months after all memory<br />Their king betrayed simulating feigned hate.<br /><br />38<br />He who will succeed the great monarch on his death<br />Will lead an illicit and wanton life:<br />Through nonchalance he will give way to all,<br />So that in the end the Salic law will fail.<br /><br />39<br />Issued from the true branch of the fleur-de-lis,<br />Placed and lodged as heir of Etruria:<br />His ancient blood woven by long hand,<br />He will cause the escutcheon of Florence to bloom.<br /><br />40<br />The blood royal will be so very mixed,<br />Gauls will be constrained by Hesperia:<br />One will wait until his term has expired,<br />And until the memory of his voice has perished.<br /><br />41<br />Born in the shadows and during a dark day,<br />He will be sovereign in realm and goodness:<br />He will cause his blood to rise again in the ancient urn,<br />Renewing the age of gold for that of brass.<br /><br />42<br />Mars raised to his highest belfry<br />Will cause the Savoyards to withdraw from France:<br />The Lombard people will cause very great terror<br />To those of the Eagle included under the Balance.<br /><br />43<br />The great ruin of the holy things is not far off,<br />Provence, Naples, Sicily, Sées and Pons:<br />In Germany, at the Rhine and Cologne,<br />Vexed to death by all those of Mainz.<br /><br />44<br />On sea the red one will be taken by pirates,<br />Because of him peace will be troubled:<br />Anger and greed will he expose through a false act,<br />The army doubled by the great Pontiff.<br /><br />45<br />The great Empire will soon be desolated<br />And transferred to near the Ardennes:<br />The two bastards beheaded by the oldest one,<br />And Bronzebeard the hawk-nose will reign.<br /><br />46<br />Quarrels and new schism by the red hats<br />When the Sabine will have been elected:<br />They will produce great sophism against him,<br />And Rome will be injured by those of Alba.<br /><br />47<br />The great Arab will march far forward,<br />He will be betrayed by the Byzantians:<br />Ancient Rhodes will come to meet him,<br />And greater harm through the Austrian Hungarians.<br /><br />48<br />After the great affliction of the scepter,<br />Two enemies will be defeated by them:<br />A fleet from Africa will appear before the Hungarians,<br />By land and sea horrible deeds will take place.<br /><br />49<br />Not from Spain but from ancient France<br />Will one be elected for the trembling bark,<br />To the enemy will a promise be made,<br />He who will cause a cruel plague in his realm.<br /><br />50<br />The year that the brothers of the lily come of age,<br />One of them will hold the great Romania:<br />The mountains to tremble, Latin passage opened,<br />Agreement to march against the fort of Armenia.<br /><br />51<br />The people of Dacia, England, Poland<br />And of Bohemia will make a new league:<br />To pass beyond the pillars of Hercules,<br />The Barcelonians and Tuscans will prepare a cruel plot.<br /><br />52<br />There will be a King who will give opposition,<br />The exiles raised over the realm:<br />The pure poor people to swim in blood,<br />And for a long time will he flourish under such a device.<br /><br />53<br />The law of the Sun and of Venus in strife,<br />Appropriating the spirit of prophecy:<br />Neither the one nor the other will be understood,<br />The law of the great Messiah will hold through the Sun.<br /><br />54<br />From beyond the Black Sea and great Tartary,<br />There will be a King who will come to see Gaul,<br />He will pierce through Alania and Armenia,<br />And within Byzantium will he leave his bloody rod.<br /><br />55<br />In the country of Arabia Felix<br />There will be born one powerful in the law of Mahomet:<br />To vex Spain, to conquer Grenada,<br />And more by sea against the Ligurian people.<br /><br />56<br />Through the death of the very old Pontiff<br />A Roman of good age will be elected,<br />Of him it will be said that he weakens his see,<br />But long will he sit and in biting activity.<br /><br />57<br />There will go from Mont and Aventin,<br />One who through the hole will warn the army:<br />Between two rocks will the booty be taken,<br />Of Sectus' mausoleum the renown to fail.<br /><br />58<br />By the aqueduct of Uzès over the Gard,<br />Through the forest and inaccessible mountain,<br />In the middle of the bridge there will be cut in the fist<br />The chief of Nîmes who will be very terrible.<br /><br />59<br />Too long a stay for the English chief at Nîmes,<br />Towards Spain Redbeard to the rescue:<br />Many will die by war opened that day,<br />When a bearded star will fall in Artois.<br /><br />60<br />By the shaven head a very bad choice will come to be made,<br />Overburdened he will not pass the gate:<br />He will speak with such great fury and rage,<br />That to fire and blood he will consign the entire sex.<br /><br />61<br />The child of the great one not by his birth,<br />He will subjugate the high Apennine mountains:<br />He will cause all those of the balance to tremble,<br />And from the Pyrenees to Mont Cenis.<br /><br />62<br />One will see blood to rain on the rocks,<br />Sun in the East, Saturn in the West:<br />Near Orgon war, at Rome great evil to be seen,<br />Ships sunk to the bottom, taken by Trident.<br /><br />63<br />From the vain enterprise honor and undue complaint,<br />Boats tossed about among the Latins, cold, hunger, waves<br />Not far from the Tiber the land stained with blood,<br />And diverse plagues will be upon mankind.<br /><br />64<br />Those assembled by the tranquillity of the great number,<br />By land and sea counsel countermanded:<br />Near Antonne Genoa, Nice in the shadow<br />Through fields and towns in revolt against the chief.<br /><br />65<br />Come suddenly the terror will be great,<br />Hidden by the principal ones of the affair:<br />And the lady on the charcoal will no longer be in sight,<br />Thus little by little will the great ones be angered.<br /><br />66<br />Under the ancient vestal edifices,<br />Not far from the ruined aqueduct:<br />The glittering metals are of the Sun and Moon,<br />The lamp of Trajan engraved with gold burning.<br /><br />67<br />When the chief of Perugia will not venture his tunic<br />Sense under cover to strip himself quite naked:<br />Seven will be taken Aristocratic deed,<br />Father and son dead through a point in the collar.<br /><br />68<br />In the Danube and of the Rhine will come to drink<br />The great Camel, not repenting it:<br />Those of the Rhône to tremble, and much more so those of the Loire,<br />and near the Alps the Cock will ruin him.<br /><br />69<br />No longer will the great one be in his false sleep,<br />Uneasiness will come to replace tranquillity:<br />A phalanx of gold, azure and vermilion arrayed<br />To subjugate Africa and gnaw it to the bone,<br /><br />70<br />Of the regions subject to the Balance,<br />They will trouble the mountains with great war,<br />Captives the entire sex enthralled and all Byzantium,<br />So that at dawn they will spread the news from land to land.<br /><br />71<br />By the fury of one who will wait for the water,<br />By his great rage the entire army moved:<br />Seventeen boats loaded with the noble,<br />The messenger come late along the Rhône.<br /><br />72<br />For the pleasure of the voluptuous edict,<br />One will mix poison in the faith:<br />Venus will be in a course so virtuous<br />As to becloud the whole quality of the Sun.<br /><br />73<br />The Church of God will be persecuted,<br />And the holy Temples will be plundered,<br /><br />The child will put his mother out in her shift,<br />Arabs will be allied with the Poles.<br /><br />74<br />Of Trojan blood will be born a Germanic heart<br />Who will rise to very high power:<br />He will drive out the foreign Arabic people,<br />Returning the Church to its pristine pre-eminence.<br /><br />75<br />He will rise high over the estate more to the right,<br />He will remain seated on the square stone,<br />Towards the south facing to his left,<br />The crooked staff in his hand his mouth sealed.<br /><br />76<br />In a free place will he pitch his tent,<br />And he will not want to lodge in the cities:<br />Aix, Carpentras, L'Isle, Vaucluse Mont, Cavaillon,<br />Throughout all these places will he abolish his trace.<br /><br />77<br />All degrees of Ecclesiastical honor<br />Will be changed to that of Jupiter and Quirinus:<br />The priest of Quirinus to one of Mars,<br />Then a King of France will make him one of Vulcan.<br /><br />78<br />The two will not be united for very long,<br />And in thirteen years to the Barbarian Satrap:<br />On both sides they will cause such loss<br />That one will bless the Bark and its cope.<br /><br />79<br />The sacred pomp will come to lower its wings,<br />Through the coming of the great legislator:<br />He will raise the humble, he will vex the rebels,<br />His like will not appear on this earth.<br /><br />80<br />Ogmios will approach great Byzantium,<br />The Barbaric League will be driven out:<br />Of the two laws the heathen one will give way,<br />Barbarian and Frank in perpetual strife.<br /><br />81<br />The royal bird over the city of the Sun,<br />Seven months in advance it will deliver a nocturnal omen:<br />The Eastern wall will fall lightning thunder,<br />Seven days the enemies directly to the gates.<br /><br />82<br />At the conclusion of the treaty outside the fortress<br />Will not go he who is placed in despair:<br />When those of Arbois, of Langres against Bresse<br />Will have the mountains of Dôle an enemy ambush.<br /><br />83<br />Those who will have undertaken to subvert,<br />An unparalleled realm, powerful and invincible:<br />They will act through deceit, nights three to warn,<br />When the greatest one will read his Bible at the table.<br /><br />84<br />He will be born of the gulf and unmeasured city,<br />Born of obscure and dark family:<br />He who the revered power of the great King<br />Will want to destroy through Rouen and Evreux.<br /><br />85<br />Through the Suevi and neighboring places,<br />They will be at war over the clouds:<br />Swarm of marine locusts and gnats,<br />The faults of Geneva will be laid quite bare.<br /><br />86<br />Divided by the two heads and three arms,<br />The great city will be vexed by waters:<br />Some great ones among them led astray in exile,<br />Byzantium hard pressed by the head of Persia.<br /><br />87<br />The year that Saturn is out of bondage,<br />In the Frank land he will be inundated by water:<br />Of Trojan blood will his marriage be,<br />And he will be confined safely be the Spaniards.<br /><br />88<br />Through a frightful flood upon the sand,<br />A marine monster from other seas found:<br />Near the place will be made a refuge,<br />Holding Savona the slave of Turin.<br /><br />89<br />Into Hungary through Bohemia, Navarre,<br />and under that banner holy insurrections:<br />By the fleur-de-lis legion carrying the bar,<br />Against Orléans they will cause disturbances.<br /><br />90<br />In the Cyclades, in Perinthus and Larissa,<br />In Sparta and the entire Pelopennesus:<br />Very great famine, plague through false dust,<br />Nine months will it last and throughout the entire peninsula.<br /><br />91<br />At the market that they call that of liars,<br />Of the entire Torrent and field of Athens:<br />They will be surprised by the light horses,<br />By those of Alba when Mars is in Leo and Saturn in Aquarius.<br /><br />92<br />After the see has been held seventeen years,<br />Five will change within the same period of time:<br />Then one will be elected at the same time,<br />One who will not be too comfortable to the Romans.<br /><br />93<br />Under the land of the round lunar globe,<br />When Mercury will be dominating:<br />The isle of Scotland will produce a luminary,<br />One who will put the English into confusion.<br /><br />94<br />He will transfer into great Germany<br />Brabant and Flanders, Ghent, Bruges and Boulogne:<br />The truce feigned, the great Duke of Armenia<br />Will assail Vienna and Cologne.<br /><br />95<br />The nautical oar will tempt the shadows,<br />Then it will come to stir up the great Empire:<br />In the Aegean Sea the impediments of wood<br />Obstructing the diverted Tyrrhenian Sea.<br /><br />96<br />The rose upon the middle of the great world,<br />For new deeds public shedding of blood:<br />To speak the truth, one will have a closed mouth,<br />Then at the time of need the awaited one will come late.<br /><br />97<br />The one born deformed suffocated in horror,<br />In the habitable city of the great King:<br />The severe edict of the captives revoked,<br />Hail and thunder, Condom inestimable.<br /><br />98<br />At the forty-eighth climacteric degree,<br />At the end of Cancer very great dryness:<br />Fish in sea, river, lake boiled hectic,<br />Béarn, Bigorre in distress through fire from the sky.<br /><br />99<br />Milan, Ferrara, Turin and Aquileia,<br />Capua, Brindisi vexed by the Celtic nation:<br />By the Lion and his Eagle¹s phalanx,<br />When the old British chief Rome will have.<br /><br />100<br />The incendiary trapped in his own fire,<br />Of fire from the sky at Carcassonne and the Comminges:<br />Foix, Auch, Mazères, the high old man escaped,<br />Through those of Hesse and Thuringia, and some Saxons.</pre>DROUSHKAhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07119855520563971451noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3620486789052227667.post-2185273764904379322009-04-22T00:50:00.000-07:002009-04-22T00:57:10.814-07:00Quatrains - Century IV<pre><center><br /></center><br /><br /><br />1<br />That of the remainder of blood unshed:<br />Venice demands that relief be given:<br />After having waited a very long time,<br />City delivered up at the first sound of the horn.<br /><br />2<br />Because of death France will take to making a journey,<br />Fleet by sea, marching over the Pyrenees Mountains,<br />Spain in trouble, military people marching:<br />Some of the greatest Ladies carried off to France.<br /><br />3<br />From Arras and Bourges many banners of Dusky Ones,<br />A greater number of Gascons to fight on foot,<br />Those along the Rhône will bleed the Spanish:<br />Near the mountain where Sagunto sits.<br /><br />4<br />The impotent Prince angry, complaints and quarrels,<br />Rape and pillage, by cocks and Africans:<br />Great it is by land, by sea infinite sails,<br />Italy alone will be chasing Celts.<br /><br />5<br />Cross, peace, under one the divine word accomplished,<br />Spain and Gaul will be united together:<br />Great disaster near, and combat very bitter:<br />No heart will be so hardy as not to tremble.<br /><br />6<br />By the new clothes after the find is made,<br />Malicious plot and machination:<br />First will die he who will prove it,<br />Color Venetian trap.<br /><br />7<br />The minor son of the great and hated Prince,<br />He will have a great touch of leprosy at the age of twenty:<br />Of grief his mother will die very sad and emaciated,<br />And he will die where the loose flesh falls.<br /><br />8<br />The great city by prompt and sudden assault<br />Surprised at night, guards interrupted:<br />The guards and watches of Saint-Quentin<br />Slaughtered, guards and the portals broken.<br /><br />9<br />The chief of the army in the middle of the crowd<br />Will be wounded by an arrow shot in the thighs,<br />When Geneva in tears and distress<br />Will be betrayed by Lausanne and the Swiss.<br /><br />10<br />The young Prince falsely accused<br />Will plunge the army into trouble and quarrels:<br />The chief murdered for his support,<br />Scepter to pacify: then to cure scrofula.<br /><br />11.<br />He who will have the government of the great cope<br />Will be prevailed upon to perform several deeds:<br />The twelve red one who will come to soil the cloth,<br />Under murder, murder will come to be perpetrated.<br /><br />12<br />The greater army put to flight in disorder,<br />Scarcely further will it be pursued:<br />Army reassembled and the legion reduced,<br />Then it will be chased out completely from the Gauls.<br /><br />13<br />News of the greater loss reported,<br />The report will astonish the army:<br />Troops united against the revolted:<br />The double phalanx will abandon the great one.<br /><br />14<br />The sudden death of the first personage<br />Will have caused a change and put another in the sovereignty:<br />Soon, late come so high and of low age,<br />Such by land and sea that it will be necessary to fear him.<br /><br />15<br />From where they will think to make famine come,<br />From there will come the surfeit:<br />The eye of the sea through canine greed<br />For the one the other will give oil and wheat.<br /><br />16<br />The city of liberty made servile:<br />Made the asylum of profligates and dreamers.<br />The King changed to them not so violent:<br />From one hundred become more than a thousand.<br /><br />17<br />To change at Beaune, Nuits, Châlon and Dijon,<br />The duke wishing to improve the Carmelite [nun]<br />Marching near the river, fish, diver's beak<br />Will see the tail: the gate will be locked.<br /><br />18<br />Some of those most lettered in the celestial facts<br />Will be condemned by illiterate princes:<br />Punished by Edict, hunted, like criminals,<br />And put to death wherever they will be found.<br /><br />19<br />Before Rouen the siege laid by the Insubrians,<br />By land and sea the passages shut up:<br />By Hainaut and Flanders, by Ghent and those of Liége<br />Through cloaked gifts they will ravage the shores.<br /><br />20<br />Peace and plenty for a long time the place will praise:<br />Throughout his realm the fleur-de-lis deserted:<br />Bodies dead by water, land one will bring there,<br />Vainly awaiting the good fortune to be buried there.<br /><br />21<br />The change will be very difficult:<br />City and province will gain by the change:<br />Heart high, prudent established, chased out one cunning,<br />Sea, land, people will change their state.<br /><br />22<br />The great army will be chased out,<br />In one moment it will be needed by the King:<br />The faith promised from afar will be broken,<br />He will be seen naked in pitiful disorder.<br /><br />23<br />The legion in the marine fleet<br />Will burn lime, lodestone sulfur and pitch:<br />The long rest in the secure place:<br />Port Selyn and Monaco, fire will consume them.<br /><br />24<br />Beneath the holy earth of a soul the faint voice heard,<br />Human flame seen to shine as divine:<br />It will cause the earth to be stained with the blood of the monks,<br />And to destroy the holy temples for the impure ones.<br /><br />25<br />Lofty bodies endlessly visible to the eye,<br />Through these reasons they will come to obscure:<br />Body, forehead included, sense and head invisible,<br />Diminishing the sacred prayers.<br /><br />26<br />The great swarm of bees will arise,<br />Such that one will not know whence they have come;<br />By night the ambush, the sentinel under the vines<br />City delivered by five babblers not naked.<br /><br />27<br />Salon, Tarascon, Mausol, the arch of SEX.,<br />Where the pyramid is still standing:<br />They will come to deliver the Prince of Annemark,<br />Redemption reviled in the temple of Artemis.<br /><br />28<br />When Venus will be covered by the Sun,<br />Under the splendor will be a hidden form:<br />Mercury will have exposed them to the fire,<br />Through warlike noise it will be insulted.<br /><br />29<br />The Sun hidden eclipsed by Mercury<br />Will be placed only second in the sky:<br />Of Vulcan Hermes will be made into food,<br />The Sun will be seen pure, glowing red and golden.<br /><br />30<br />Eleven more times the Moon the Sun will not want,<br />All raised and lowered by degree:<br />And put so low that one will stitch little gold:<br />Such that after famine plague, the secret uncovered.<br /><br />31<br />The Moon in the full of night over the high mountain,<br />The new sage with a lone brain sees it:<br />By his disciples invited to be immortal,<br />Eyes to the south. Hands in bosoms, bodies in the fire.<br /><br />32<br />In the places and times of flesh giving way to fish,<br />The communal law will be made in opposition:<br />It will hold strongly the old ones, then removed from the midst,<br />Loving of Everything in Common put far behind.<br /><br />33<br />Jupiter joined more to Venus than to the Moon<br />Appearing with white fullness:<br />Venus hidden under the whiteness of Neptune<br />Struck by Mars through the white stew.<br /><br />34<br />The great one of the foreign land led captive,<br />Chained in gold offered to King Chyren:<br />He who in Ausonia, Milan will lose the war,<br />And all his army put to fire and sword.<br /><br />35<br />The fire put out the virgins will betray<br />The greater part of the new band:<br />Lightning in sword and lance the lone Kings will guard<br />Etruria and Corsica, by night throat cut.<br /><br />36<br />The new sports set up again in Gaul,<br />After victory in the Insubrian campaign:<br />Mountains of Hesperia, the great ones tied and trussed up:<br />Romania and Spain to tremble with fear.<br /><br />37<br />The Gaul will come to penetrate the mountains by leaps:<br />He will occupy the great place of Insubria:<br />His army to enter to the greatest depth,<br />Genoa and Monaco will drive back the red fleet.<br /><br />38<br />While he will engross the Duke, King and Queen<br />With the captive Byzantine chief in Samothrace:<br />Before the assault one will eat the order:<br />Reverse side metaled will follow the trail of the blood.<br /><br />39<br />The Rhodians will demand relief,<br />Through the neglect of its heirs abandoned.<br />The Arab empire will reveal its course,<br />The cause set right again by Hesperia.<br /><br />40<br />The fortresses of the besieged shut up,<br />Through gunpowder sunk into the abyss:<br />The traitors will all be stowed away alive,<br />Never did such a pitiful schism happen to the sextons.<br /><br />41<br />Female sex captive as a hostage<br />Will come by night to deceive the guards:<br />The chief of the army deceived by her language<br />Will abandon her to the people, it will be pitiful to see.<br /><br />42<br />Geneva and Langres through those of Chartres and Dôle<br />And through Grenoble captive at Montélimar<br />Seyssel, Lausanne, through fraudulent deceit,<br />They will betray them for sixty marks of gold.<br /><br />43<br />Arms will be heard clashing in the sky:<br />That very same year the divine ones enemies:<br />They will want unjustly to discuss the holy laws:<br />Through lightning and war the complacent one put to death.<br /><br />44<br />Two large ones of Mende, of Rodez and Milhau<br />Cahors, Limoges, Castres bad week<br />By night the entry, from Bordeaux an insult<br />Through Périgord at the peal of the bell.<br /><br />45<br />Through conflict a King will abandon his realm:<br />The greatest chief will fail in time of need:<br />Dead, ruined few will escape it,<br />All cut up, one will be a witness to it.<br /><br />46<br />The fact well defended by excellence,<br />Guard yourself Tours from your near ruin:<br />London and Nantes will make a defense through Reims<br />Not passing further in the time of the drizzle.<br /><br />47<br />The savage black one when he will have tried<br />His bloody hand at fire, sword and drawn bows:<br />All of his people will be terribly frightened,<br />Seeing the greatest ones hung by neck and feet.<br /><br />48<br />The fertile, spacious Ausonian plain<br />Will produce so many gadflies and locusts,<br />The solar brightness will become clouded,<br />All devoured, great plague to come from them.<br /><br />49<br />Before the people blood will be shed,<br />Only from the high heavens will it come far:<br />But for a long time of one nothing will be heard,<br />The spirit of a lone one will come to bear witness against it.<br /><br />50<br />Libra will see the Hesperias govern,<br />Holding the monarchy of heaven and earth:<br />No one will see the forces of Asia perished,<br />Only seven hold the hierarchy in order.<br /><br />51<br />A Duke eager to follow his enemy<br />Will enter within impeding the phalanx:<br />Hurried on foot they will come to pursue so closely<br />That the day will see a conflict near Ganges.<br /><br />52<br />In the besieged city men and woman to the walls,<br />Enemies outside the chief ready to surrender:<br />The wind will be strongly against the troops,<br />They will be driven away through lime, dust and ashes.<br /><br />53<br />The fugitives and exiles recalled:<br />Fathers and sons great garnishing of the deep wells:<br />The cruel father and his people choked:<br />His far worse son submerged in the well.<br /><br />54<br />Of the name which no Gallic King ever had<br />Never was there so fearful a thunderbolt,<br />Italy, Spain and the English trembling,<br />Very attentive to a woman and foreigners.<br /><br />55<br />When the crow on the tower made of brick<br />For seven hours will continue to scream:<br />Death foretold, the statue stained with blood,<br />Tyrant murdered, people praying to their Gods.<br /><br />56<br />After the victory of the raving tongue,<br />The spirit tempered in tranquillity and repose:<br />Throughout the conflict the bloody victor makes orations,<br />Roasting the tongue and the flesh and the bones.<br /><br />57<br />Ignorant envy upheld before the great King,<br />He will propose forbidding the writings:<br />His wife not his wife tempted by another,<br />Twice two more neither skill nor cries.<br /><br />58<br />To swallow the burning Sun in the throat,<br />The Etruscan land washed by human blood:<br />The chief pail of water, to lead his son away,<br />Captive lady conducted into Turkish land.<br /><br />59<br />Two beset in burning fervor:<br />By thirst for two full cups extinguished,<br />The fort filed, and an old dreamer,<br />To the Genevans he will show the track from Nira.<br /><br />60<br />The seven children left in hostage,<br />The third will come to slaughter his child:<br />Because of his son two will be pierced by the point,<br />Genoa, Florence, he will come to confuse them.<br /><br />61<br />The old one mocked and deprived of his place,<br />By the foreigner who will suborn him:<br />Hands of his son eaten before his face,<br />His brother to Chartres, Orléans Rouen will betray.<br /><br />62<br />A colonel with ambition plots,<br />He will seize the greatest army,<br />Against his Prince false invention,<br />And he will be discovered under his arbor.<br /><br />63<br />The Celtic army against the mountaineers,<br />Those who will be learned and able in bird-calling:<br />Peasants will soon work fresh presses,<br />All hurled on the sword's edge.<br /><br />64<br />The transgressor in bourgeois garb,<br />He will come to try the King with his offense:<br />Fifteen soldiers for the most part bandits,<br />Last of life and chief of his fortune.<br /><br />65<br />Towards the deserter of the great fortress,<br />After he will have abandoned his place,<br />His adversary will exhibit very great prowess,<br />The Emperor soon dead will be condemned.<br /><br />66<br />Under the feigned color of seven shaven heads<br />Diverse spies will be scattered:<br />Wells and fountains sprinkled with poisons,<br />At the fort of Genoa devourers of men.<br /><br />67<br />The year that Saturn and Mars are equal fiery,<br />The air very dry parched long meteor:<br />Through secret fires a great place blazing from burning heat,<br />Little rain, warm wind, wars, incursions.<br /><br />68<br />The two greatest ones of Asia and of Africa,<br />From the Rhine and Lower Danube they will be said to have come,<br />Cries, tears at Malta and the Ligurian side.<br /><br />69<br />The exiles will hold the great city,<br />The citizens dead, murdered and driven out:<br />Those of Aquileia will promise Parma<br />To show them the entry through the untracked places.<br /><br />70<br />Quite contiguous to the great Pyrenees mountains,<br />One to direct a great army against the Eagle:<br />Veins opened, forces exterminated,<br />As far as Pau will he come to chase the chief.<br /><br />71<br />In place of the bride the daughters slaughtered,<br />Murder with great error no survivor to be:<br />Within the well vestals inundated,<br />The bride extinguished by a drink of Aconite.<br /><br />72<br />Those of Nîmes through Agen and Lectoure<br />At Saint-Félix will hold their parliament:<br />Those of Bazas will come at the unhappy hour<br />To seize Condom and Marsan promptly.<br /><br />73<br />The great nephew by force will test<br />The treaty made by the pusillanimous heart:<br />The Duke will try Ferrara and Asti,<br />When the pantomime will take place in the evening.<br /><br />74<br />Those of lake Geneva and of Mâcon:<br />All assembled against those of Aquitaine:<br />Many Germans many more Swiss,<br />They will be routed along with those of the Humane.<br /><br />75<br />Ready to fight one will desert,<br />The chief adversary will obtain the victory:<br />The rear guard will make a defense,<br />The faltering ones dead in the white territory.<br /><br />76<br />Will be vexed, holding as far as the Rhône:<br />The union of Gascons and Bigorre<br />To betray the temple, the priest giving his sermon.<br /><br />77<br />Selin monarch Italy peaceful,<br />Realms united by the Christian King of the World:<br />Dying he will want to lie in Blois soil,<br />After having chased the pirates from the sea.<br /><br />78<br />The great army of the civil struggle,<br />By night Parma to the foreign one discovered,<br />Seventy-nine murdered in the town,<br />The foreigners all put to the sword.<br /><br />79<br />Blood Royal flee, Monheurt, Mas, Aiguillon,<br />The Landes will be filled by Bordelais,<br />Navarre, Bigorre points and spurs,<br />Deep in hunger to devour acorns of the cork oak.<br /><br />80<br />Near the great river, great ditch, earth drawn out,<br />In fifteen parts will the water be divided:<br />The city taken, fire, blood, cries, sad conflict,<br />And the greatest part involving the coliseum.<br /><br />81<br />Promptly will one build a bridge of boats,<br />To pass the army of the great Belgian Prince:<br />Poured forth inside and not far from Brussels,<br />Passed beyond, seven cut up by pike.<br /><br />82<br />A throng approaches coming from Slavonia,<br />The old Destroyer the city will ruin:<br />He will see his Romania quite desolated,<br />Then he will not know how to put out the great flame.<br /><br />83<br />Combat by night the valiant captain<br />Conquered will flee few people conquered:<br />His people stirred up, sedition not in vain,<br />His own son will hold him besieged.<br /><br />84<br />A great one of Auxerre will die very miserable,<br />Driven out by those who had been under him:<br />Put in chains, behind a strong cable,<br />In the year that Mars, Venus and Sun are in conjunction in summer.<br /><br />85<br />The white coal will be chased by the black one,<br />Made prisoner led to the dung cart,<br />Moor Camel on twisted feet,<br />Then the younger one will blind the hobby falcon.<br /><br />86<br />The year that Saturn will be conjoined in Aquarius<br />With the Sun, the very powerful King<br />Will be received and anointed at Reims and Aix,<br />After conquests he will murder the innocent.<br /><br />87<br />A King's son learned in many languages,<br />Different from his senior in the realm:<br />His handsome father understood by the greater son,<br />He will cause his principal adherent to perish.<br /><br />88<br />Anthony by name great by the filthy fact<br />Of Lousiness wasted to his end:<br />One who will want to be desirous of lead,<br />Passing the port he will be immersed by the elected one.<br /><br />89<br />Thirty of London will conspire secretly<br />Against their King, the enterprise on the bridge:<br />He and his satellites will have a distaste for death,<br />A fair King elected, native of Frisia.<br /><br />90<br />The two armies will be unable to unite at the walls,<br />In that instant Milan and Pavia to tremble:<br />Hunger, thirst, doubt will come to plague them very strongly<br />They will not have a single morsel of meat, bread or victuals.<br /><br />91<br />For the Gallic Duke compelled to fight in the duel,<br />The ship of Melilla will not approach Monaco,<br />Wrongly accused, perpetual prison,<br />His son will strive to reign before his death.<br /><br />92<br />The head of the valiant captain cut off,<br />It will be thrown before his adversary:<br />His body hung on the sail-yard of the ship,<br />Confused it will flee by oars against the wind.<br /><br />93<br />A serpent seen near the royal bed,<br />It will be by the lady at night the dogs will not bark:<br />Then to be born in France a Prince so royal,<br />Come from heaven all the Princes will see him.<br /><br />94<br />Two great brothers will be chased out of Spain,<br />The elder conquered under the Pyrenees mountains:<br />The sea to redden, Rhône, bloody Lake Geneva from Germany,<br />Narbonne, Béziers contaminated by Agde.<br /><br />95<br />The realm left to two they will hold it very briefly,<br />Three years and seven months passed by they will make war:<br />The two Vestals will rebel in opposition,<br />Victor the younger in the land of Brittany.<br /><br />96<br />The elder sister of the British Isle<br />Will be born fifteen years before her brother,<br />Because of her promise procuring verification,<br />She will succeed to the kingdom of the balance.<br /><br />97<br />The year that Mercury, Mars, Venus in retrogression,<br />The line of the great Monarch will not fail:<br />Elected by the Portuguese people near Cadiz,<br />One who will come to grow very old in peace and reign.<br /><br />98<br />Those of Alba will pass into Rome,<br />By means of Langres the multitude muffled up,<br />Marquis and Duke will pardon no man,<br />Fire, blood, smallpox no water the crops to fail.<br /><br />99<br />The valiant elder son of the King's daughter,<br />He will hurl back the Celts very far,<br />Such that he will cast thunderbolts, so many in such an array<br />Few and distant, then deep into the Hesperias.<br /><br />100<br />From the celestial fire on the Royal edifice,<br />When the light of Mars will go out,<br />Seven months great war, people dead through evil<br />Rouen, Evreux the King will not fail.<br /></pre>DROUSHKAhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07119855520563971451noreply@blogger.com0